Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)
Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.
considering partly Nezsider, partly Priboj and Negrisori; thus our valuations became divergent. M. V. Garasanin is melting the Negrisori —Markovica complex into the unity of the Belotic — Bela Crkva burial mounds interpreted by him, allotting the latter name to the Serbian group. In spite of numerous doubtless relations it would be difficult to accept this comprehensive treatment before the extensive publication of the latter burial mounds. In the tumuli of Belotic, Bela Crkva and those belonging to them 52 namely cremation burial is frequent beside the contracted skeletons, numerous details of the rite are different (e. g. one finds stone rings instead of cists in the mounds), instances of plural burials are unrare in the tumuli, the hitherto presented vases have Bubanj or Glina III character respectively, their quality is evidently worse than that of our pieces, finally the bronze dagger found at Belotic is a relative of that of grave 7 at Pitvaros, a circumstance not only supporting the mentioned Bubanj connections but also dating the mound to a later period. However, Garasanin also collected the literature of our group В here, unknown to us so far. He was right in pointing to the southern connections of the Negrisori vases and the links between our group and the Schneckenberg one. The Schneckenberg —Glina III connections and the tumulus burial are facts extending the group to the East. Basing his suggestions on the rite of tumulus burial, the author endeavours to attach the origin of the group to the folk of ochre-grave tumuli, having migrated to Serbia from the Pontus steppes through the Roumanian Plain and Transylvania. In this respect he was followed by JV. Kalicz, reducing the burial mounds appearing in Central and South —East Europe at the beginning of the Bronze Age to a single factor, the invasion of eastern herdsmen. 53 We shall return to this difficult problem later. Summing up the characteristics of the Somogyvár (—Gönyü) group in brief, we have compared the group with Chalkidike and the Axios valley, further the upper layer of Veselinovo and Troy IV —V. Owing to the close relationship with the north-eastern shores of the Aegean, we endeavoured to explain the 52 M. V. GARASANIN: BRGK loc. cit. 90-94, PL 20 nos 1-2; Fig. 11 no. 4 and Fig. 17. Cf. also M. V. and D. GARASANIN: Arch. Youg 2 (1956) 11-18, Figs 1-4. 53 N. KALICZ: The Early Bronze Age in North-Eastern Hungary, Diss Arch. 4 (1962) 5-9. See my critical remarks Ibid. pp. 37-39. 54 1. BONA: Diss Arch. 2 (1960) 49-50; AUSBSH 3 (1961) 7-8. Naturally these sketches do not coincide with the present detailed analysis in every conclusion. 55 PROX: Die Schneckenbergkultur (Kronstadt 1941) pp. 12-14. appearance of the group in Hungary by a population fleeing from the Early Bronze Age settlements there about 1900. We have indentified another branch of these refugees with the Glina III — Schneckenberg В — С groups. We dated the group to the time following the Pécel culture and illustrated both its role in shaping the Nagyrév culture and their common cultural goods. 54 We shall summarize the problems of origin and the manifold connections after an investigation of the relations of archaeological material. 7. The Somogyvár and the Schneckenberg groups We have already mentioned the close relations of the Early Bronze Age cultures inWestern Hungary and in the south-eastern part of Transylvania respectively, they are also treated by M. V. Garasanin in conection with grouD B. In several respects we find really astonishing relations. Settlement. In both groups settlements are situated on heights or mountains. In Transylvania : Schneckenberg , Steinbruchhügel, Kaesberg, Honigberg, Erősd— Priesterhügel and Tiszkhegy, hb etc. Burial. We include the Vládháza burial mounds, 56 enlisted by H. Schroller in an other culture and but cursorily mentioned by A, Prox, in the Schneckenberg group on the basis of their pertinent finds, agreeing with D. Popescu. 51 By this identification we may complete the number of burials presented by A. Prox by the burial mounds of Kövesbérc, 58 Bedelö 59 Bardóc 00 and Kerpenyes," 1 representing an indentical type with the Vládháza tumulus grave. The relationship of these tumulus cemeteries to our group is evident. All of them consist of mounds of a small size. In the interior the double stone covering is frequent, i. e. the stone packing situated at a certain height above the cist. Both in the mounds and the hitherto known 11 flat graves the dead rested in stone cist. We find humation burial in most cases, the dead have been deposited generally in a contracted position on j;heir right sides, according to observations made so far. Their orientation is E —W or a variety of this (SE— NW, NE—SW). At Vlád56 H. SCHROLLER: Die Stein- und Kupferzeit Siebenbürgens (Berlin 1933) 31-35, Pl. 28; A. PROX: op. cit. pp. 76-77; M. ROSKA: Thesaurus antiquitatum Transsilvanicarum (Kolozsvár 1942) 306. 57 D. POPESCU: Die frühe und mittlere Bronzezeit in Siebenbürgen (Bukarest 1944) 48-49. 58 M. ROSKA: op. cit. 108-109. 59 Ibid. 36-37. 60 Ibid. 33. 61 H. SCHROLLER: op. cit. 33. 52
