Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

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3 may be really decisive in this respect, his statements may be accepted for all the gold plate idols of the Bodrogkeresztur culture. On the other hand, the female character oi the Stollhof type disks and their relations to the Earth-or Mother Goddes respectively have been dealt with by JV. Fettich.

193 As a matter of fact, symbolic and anthropomorphic elements are mixed on the gold plate trinket from Gaza

19i presented by him, furnishing a valid interpretation for the meaning of both the Tiszaszőlős-Mojgrád type plates and the Stollhof-Eszék type disks. Female sexual character is unmistakeable on the Óbéba plates too. In this respect their parallels are found in the orbit of the gold plates of Stollhof type, on one of the Csepin disks and the Csáford specimen.

195 However, in the Aeneolithic and Copper Ages there were two different gold plate idol manufactures in the Carpathian Basin. Their boundary was more or less the Danube. To the east of the Danube, including also Transylvania and the Upper Tisza region, a metallurgy producing large- and small-size gold ornaments is gaining ground, as it was stated by P. Paiay already; this craft belong to the TiszapolgárBodrogkeresztur complex and may be characterized by the leading funds Hatvan-TiszaszőlősMojgrád.

196 Its ware is archaic, reflecting the anthropoid forms yet. As V. Milojcic and P. Patay rightly state, this gold metallurgy is of Balcanic origin;

197 it may have reached the Tisza region from the East Balcanic Vidra, Gumelnita (I should add Ruscuk and Kasla-dere), and from Sesklr,. The gold idol of the Syrmian Progar belongs to its orbit too. The golden disks of Stollhof type, however, and their last descendants, the Óbéba specimens, cannot be derived írom this circle, we may suppose a far relationship or connection at the most. As stated before, it is to the west from the Danube, from Csepin, Eszék, Csáford Stollhof up to Brzesc Kujawski that the disk with punched borders, linked together by their common feature, the three round protuberances on the surface, are extended.

198 On the testimony of 192 V. MIKOV: IAI 8 (1934) 209 and Fig. 141; D. ROSETTI4 •ТРЕК 12 (1938) 44, Pl. 30 ПО. 2. 193 Acta Arch. Hung. 9 (1958) 120-125, PI. 1 no. 26; PI. 3. 194 H. TH. BOSSERT: Altsyrien Fig. 1176. 195 P. PA TAY: op. cit. Pl. 19 no. 3; J. KOREK: op. cit. Pl. 6-7. 196 P. PAT AY: op. cit. pp. 43 seq. — J. DRIEHAUS: Die Altheimer Gruppe (Mainz 1960) pp. 166 misunderstands P. PATAY stating that he attached also the Stollhof type disks in this culture. For the rest Driehaus synchronizes the disks of Stollhof

—Habasesti

—Brzesc Kujawski type in a horizon. 197 W. MILOJCIC: Germania ál (1953) 9; P. PATAY: op. cit. 43. The excellent study by H. DUMITRESCU • Dacia 5 (1961) 69-93, summarizing the whole problem and the entire material of the gold jewels of Bodrogkeresztur type on the basis of the trinkets uncovered at Traian anew, becam available to me unfortunately after having finished my manuscript. The authorin proves by finds and arguments the copper jewels of the Stollhof find (coljbracer, spectacle-shaped pendants) they were dated to the Copper Age by F. Pulszky already

199 These copper jewels are, however, equally frequent in the cemeteries of Jordanov and Brzesc Kujawski, as We have seen; they are doubtless imitating southern models.

200 If we add the striking relations observed between the pottery of Krivodol-Salcuta-Bubanj on one hand and the Jordanov ceramics on the other it becomes evident that we are faced by two sides of one and the same phenomenon or movement respectively. Since the copper and gold finds ensure the unbroken connection between the Salcu^a-Bubanj-Krivodol and the Jordanov cultures through Croatia, Western Hungary and Austria, the relations of these hitherto seemingly isolated cultures in pottery cannot be explained by „influences" any more. At numerous spots of Western Hungary (Lengyel, Iszkaszentgyörgy, Érd, Tököl, Sárpilis, Szomód, Lábatlan, Tata, Piszke)

201 such twohandled vases are found which are similar to the types appearing in the Bodrogkeresztur cemeteries as commercial ware, with the difference that the former are self-standing. They are bridging the hitherto supposed gap between the Northern Balcans and Bohemia, Silesia. Central Germany. The handled Csáford sherds, allowing a comparison even with the vessels of the original area, Krivodol,

202 belong to the same horizon. The latter site is an evident proof of the fact that the group of finds circumscribed here was linked to the Lengyel culture. The cultural conditions of Western Hungary in the Copper Age are not interpretated in detail yet. The hitherto known finds of the several hundred graves of numerous cemeteries (Lengyel, Zengővárkony, Villány, Ágostonpuszta, etc.) and settlements (Zengővárkony, Pécsvárad —Aranyhegy, Villánykövesd, Személy)

203 of the Lengyel culture categorically refute the view, generally held by our research on the Copper Age, as if these cemeteries and settlements had two periods, the elder coeval with the Tiszapolgár and the younger with the Bodrogkereszconvincing me that the basic forms of the products of this type may be reduced to Anatolian precedents. In her recent summary 4 round plates (pierced in the centre, apt to be sewn on) of the Bulgarian Hotnica hoard are of special importance to us. 198 P. PATAY: op. clt. PL 17 nos 5-6; PI. 19; J. KOREK: op. cit. Pl. 6. 199 F. PULSZKY: Die Kupferzeit in Ungarn (Budapest 1884) 31 seq. 200 Cf. the mentioned copper hoards of Erősd and Habasesti. 201 I. KUTZIÁN: op. cit. pp. 162 seq., Pl. 1 nos 9-13; Pl 2 nos 7-8, and map; P. PATAY: RégFüz II/IO (1961) 21-22, PI. 11 nos 10-11 and Figs 5-6. 202 V. MIKOV: RP 1 (1948) Figs 29-31. 203 M. WOSINSZKY: Das prähistorische Schanzwerk von Lengyel I-III 23 (Budapest 1888-92); J.. DOMBAY, Arch. Hung. 23 (1939) Arch. Hung. 39 (1960) JPMÉ. 3 (1958)53-102, JPMÉ. 4 (1959) 55-73; R. PUSZTAY: Arch. Ért. 83 (1956) 39-44. 36