Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

tur culture. The material of the Lengyel culture, published so far, may be dated to the time of the Tiszapolgár period only. This in borne out partly by their actual relationship, partly by the evidence of exclusion: neither do they contain Bodrogkeresztur ware (and vice versa), nor do we find a single instance of a two-handled vessel, occurring in the Bodrogkeresztur cemeteries by southern influence, in the close units of the Lengyel culture. Nevertheless, their graves are existing in Western Hungary, without Lengyel and Bodrogkeresztur pottery as grave-furniture. The other supposition, dating the Western Hungarian finds with two-handled vases after the period of the Late Copper Age Pécel culture, i. e. to the Early Bronze Age, did not reckon with the actual conditions of Western Hungary in the mentioned age, it neglected the Somogyvár and Makó groups, lacking such vessels entirely. On the other hand the Western Hungarian two-handled vessels are indentical with the specimens of the Bodrogkeresztur cemeteries typlogically, while essentially divergent from the Early Bronze Age forms of Pitvaros, Schneckenberg etc. All these statements are bearing out with an almost mathematical precision that in Western Hungary we have to reckon with a special culture of the flourishing Copper Age, joining the Lengyel culture and probably strongly intermingled with it, at the same time supposing a selfstanding ethnical group immigrating from the South. For this culture, situated between and serving the connection of Krivodol-Salcuta-Bubanj I and Jordanov-Altheim-Brzesc-Kujawski. I propose the name of the Csáford group. It is to the movement and extension of this ethnical group from SE to NW that the diffusion of the two-handled vases and of the metallurgy of Stollhof type towards NW and NE is due. Consequently the background of the Stollhof type and Óbéba gold disks becomes a problem easily to be solved. The further developped shape of these objects are brought by the people of the same culture to the Maros region (PI. VIA no. 1; VI/B no. 1.). The gold disks of the Stollhof types should be reduced to antecedents found at the Syrian Byblos. Numerous gold and silver disks came to light from sacrificial hoards deposited at various Byblos temples. We see the symbol? 204 C. F. A. SCHAEFFER: Stratigraphie Fig. 59 K. 205 Ibid. Fig. 61 M. 206 M. DUNAND: op. cit. Pl. 140 ПО. 16308. 207 Ibid. Pl. 139 nos 17752-52, 17755. 208 С. F. A. SCHAEFFER: op. cit. Fig. 178 ПО. 17 Age: 2300 to 2100. 209 J. DRIEHAUS: op. cit. 165—, Fig. 6 no. 3. The absolute of sun and moon with a punched ornament on the round gold disk of the hoard « of the „Syrian temple"; the disk was apt to be sewn on the attire.

204 In the treasure^ of the same site

205 a simpler gold disk is occuring, having a punched border and round hole inside. The hoard A of the „Obelisk temple"

206 has a disk decorated with concentric punching on all its surface, sewn on the costume by two small holes bored in the middle; the hoard B

207 contains beside two plain, undecorated golden disks also a trapezoid-shaped plate with a punched border. A similar piece is known at AÎaça Höyük as well.

208 These two trapezoid-shaped punched plates are extremely important, since we find a similar piece in the company of the disk at Brzesc Kujawski.

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9 Finally the oval gold plate is also a well known object at Byblos, as it is proved by two richly ornamented specimens of the hoard A, discovered before the courtyard of the temple.

210 We are able to follow the route of the Byblos types in the Eastern Balcans too. In this respect the Ruse gold disk is extremely important;

211 its centre is pierced by a round hole according to the Byblos pattern, but there is no ornament except the two holes for fastening up. The gold disk found in the layer II/

с at Vidra

212 is a quite similar piece. They may be both the connecting links of the disks of Stollhof type and the bases for a local development. The evolution may be measured on the Habasesti disk.

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13 Its shape is oval, its surface shows no protuberance, its border is punched, the rest of inner punching may be interpreted as one side of a triangular pattern. Both work and age of the Habaqesti disk are very close to the Óbéba specimens, proving that their transformation happened in the eastern half of the Balcans, promted by the influence of the Ancient East. 8. Economy, society, history Regarding their original point of depart, the Pitvaros folk possessed a through knowk ledge of agriculture in all probability. Though we do not know their stable villages, similar to the tells of the Northern Balcans, in the Tisza-Maros region yet, we may suppose that the extension of the Perjámos people has cut the time needed for their development short. We cannot doubt the fact that the continuous gentile cemeteries were linked to stable gentile villages. The bones of pigs and fowl date of the two trapezoid plates, 2300 to 2100, alludes to the approximate age of the horizon at the same time. 210 M. DUNAND : op. cit. Pl. 132 nos 16701 nos 16701-702. 211 G. GEORGIEV—

N. ANGELOV: op. cit. 41-, Fig. 58. 212 D. V. ROSETTI: Sapaturile delà Vidra (Bucaresti 134) 44, PL 3 no. 3. 213 V. DUMITRESCU: Dacia 1 (1957) Fig. 1 no. 1. 37