Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

ment (appearing also an the two-handled Pitvaros mugs) also the low quadrangular, openwork tubular support is a typical Nagyrév device.

57 Thus we might regard all the four pots as Nagyrév products, the situation may be, however, quite the opposite too. The two-handled variety of the same form, very similar to the two-handled mug of grave 30 at Pitvaros ín shape, is occuring in the Kőtörés group frequently; earlier I described this variety, since it is the exclusive feature of the Kőtörés group in the Nagyrév culture, as one revealing Pitvaros influence.

58 Therefore connections are doubtless bilateral, sometimes inexplicably complex, bearing out the coevity of both groups at the same time. The latest Nagyrév products are the jug of grave 33 at Pitvaros (Pl. Ill no. 2), revealing the relation to the late Nagyrév forms of the Tisza—Körös region,

59 and the pedestaiied dish of grave 42 at Pitvaros, being, according to our present knowledge, the exclusively typical vessel shape of the Kulcs group of the Nagyrév culture, situated on the right bank of the Danube between Adony and Paks.

m According to the connections analyzed above the Pitvaros group is contemporary with the Nagyrév culture but ethnically alien. Its appearance may be dated to the time when the Nagyrév culture was beginning. It is doubtless coeval with the Kőtörés group but it survives to see the development of the Kulcs group, being in its turn closely related to the grave-goods of the earliest burials of the Perjámos culture at Ószentiván and Klárafalva.

61 The Szőreg group of the Perjámos culture. It took the place of the Pitvaros group in all its territory. We may evidently come to the conclusion that their connection was possible, this is, however, not cleared either from the side of the Pitvaros group or from that of the Perjámos culture.

62 They have no common settlement or cemetery so far, only grave 8 at Ôbéba yielded a fragmentary jug with a pointed bottom, not unconditionally of the early Perjámos type. The grave containing it lay in the direction W—E, more frequent in xhe Szőreg cemeteries. Thus we have to reckon with a certain continuity of the cemetery at this site. The hitherto known connections

. of the archaeological material are not too convincing. Vessels related to the typical Pitvaros two57 F. TOMPA: op. cit. Pl. 21 nos 12, 14; Pl. 23 no. 5; J. BANNER—I. BONA—L. MARTON: op. cit. Fig. 1 no. 3; Fi*. 17 no. 1. 58 I. BONA: op. cit. 21. Pl. XII. 4, Pl. XIII. 1, 5. 59 F. TOMPA: op. cit. PL 21 nos 6. 7, 13. 60 I. BONA: Alba Regia 1 (1960) 14. Pl. 2 no. 14; Pl. 3 no. 7; Pl. 5 no. 15; Pl. 9 nos 7, 10: Pl. 10 no. 17. 61 Ibid. 15. handled mug are occurring at Ószentiván™ and Szőreg*

1 as a matter of fact, but in a quite different shape and in a subordinate position. Öf the bowls the only connection worth mentioning is that of the 2 to 4 handled shape with an outwardly arched rim,

65 a general Early Bronze Age type, the remaining Pitvaros forms are rather individual ones. Some analogies in the grave-goods of bone and metal hardly reveal anything. Notwithstanding, the Szőreg bronzes are somewhat different later forms without exception, even in such extreme cases as that of the „Cypriot" pins bent in an arch.

66 Also the differences are open to observation. The riches of gold, the lock-rings, diadems, bronze-ornamented headdresses. large-size torqueses and flat lentil-shaped fayence beads of Öbéba and Pitvaros are missing from the early Szőreg cemeteries, just as the cylindrical and star-shaped fayence beads and bone pendants of the Szőreg sites from the Pitvaros ones. Since the connections existing with the Nagyrév culture from both sides prove that the two peoples followed each other in a short time, we cannot but state that the Szoreg group of the Perjámos culture was fully developped already when the Pitvaros group lived its last phase. Pushing forward to the north, the Szőreg folk has amalgamated the people of the Pitvaros group almost without any trace. If we divide the Early Bronze Age of the Maros region to three periods, the above statements lead us to the conlusion that the Pitvaros group made its appearance towards the end of Early BA I and it was melted into the first phase of the Szőreg group of the Perjámos culture during Early BA III. 6. The antecedents of the Pitvaros material culture and the problem of the origin of the group Pottery. The leading form of Pitvaros ceramics is doubtless the characteristic two-handled mug of the Anatolian-Aegean-Balcanic Early Bronze Age, the precursor of the Homeric depas amphikypellon. Its first occurrence in Hungary, in the Bodrogkeresztur culture of the Copper Age, has been studied by I. Kutzián

61 On the, other hand this vessel shape is unknown at the several hundred sites of the Baden

—Kos62 I. BQNA: The Middle Bronze Age (MS. cit.), Ch. The Perjámos culture. 63 J. BANNER: Dolg. 4 (1928) 1 seq., Figs 5-6. 64 1. FOLTINY: Dolg. 17 1941) 1—. PL 2 no. 1; PL 9 no. 5; PI. 10 no. 27; PI. 11 no. 3: PI. 14 no. 30: PL 15 no. 3. 65 J. BANNER: Dolg. 8 (1932), PL 6 Fig. 22,d 2. 66 I. FOLTINY: op. cit. Pl. 19 nos 1-2. 57 Acta Arch. Hung. 9 (1958) pp. 143—. 29