Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.

tolac (Pécel) Late Copper Age complex, following the Bodrogkeresztur period in the whole area of the Great Hungarian Plain. It was shown already by I. Kutzián that it made its second appearance at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, from the South again, however, according to my observations, not as an influence at this occasion but as the most characteristic vase of the newcomers. The new form, well distinguishable from its Copper Age predecessors, is an expression of a development effected in more southern regions in the meantime. For all varieties of the two-handled mugs of the Pitvaros group good parallels may be found in the Copper Age culture extending from the SE part of the Banate to the Olt river and in N—NW Bulgaria to the south from the Danube respectively, called in our days Salcu^a

—Krivodol culture after its leading sites. The western boundary of this culture is the Morava. Here one finds its near relative, the Bubanj-Hum group, being probably the result of an extension of the Krivodci group. Proceeding southwards the nearest finds, closely related to our group, are occurring at Vinca, at the juncture of the important waterways Danube-Morava. Here we find two-handled mugs

63 indentical to our b) variety (Pitvaros, Makó, Csóka). Going further to SE, in the Salcu^a group the two-handled mug is a leading form from the beginning, ornamented beside the wart ornament with a slanting cannelure too. Our types (e.g. variety d/) take their origin from the undecorated variety,

69 becoming ever more frequent since the Salcu^a II/c period. The entirely identical specimens

7 ° are appearing in the Salcuta III phase. It is in this phase that we meet the wart ornament, corresponding to that of grave 5 at Pitvaros (Pl. I no. 6), on the bulge of the mugs.

71 An exact parallel to the other mug of grave 5 (varietv 68 N. VULIC-M. GRBIC: op. cit. p. 172, Pl. 5 nos 6-10. 69D.BERCIU: Contribute la problemele neoliticului in Rominia . . . (Bucaresti 1961) pp. 193—. Fig. 84 no. 4. 70 Ibid. Fig. 109 no. 5. 71 Ibid. Fig. 121 no. 6. 72 D. BERCIU: Archeológia Preistorica a Olteniei. (hencefort APO), Craiova, 1939, 57—. Fig. 52 no. 2. 73 D. BERCIU: Contributii 112. 74 V. MIKOV: RP 1 (1948) 26—. Fig. 30 b-c, o. 75 V. MIKOV: IAI 2 (1922-23) 128 — . Fig. 89. 76 R. POPOV: IAI 3 (1912-13) Fig. 173; J. H. GAUL, BASPR 16 (1948) 229-234, PI. 64 no. 14. 77 N. PETKOV: IAI 17 (1950) 157-170, Fig. 99 a. A similar vessel from the cave at Devetaki was published recently by V. MIKOV—

N. DJAMBAZOV: La grotte de Dévétaki, (Sophia, 1960), 67, Fig. 49c. 78 G. GEORGIEV—

N. ANGELOV: IAI 21 (1957) 41—. Fig. 9 no. 4. 79 A. ORSSICH de SLAVETICH: MPKAW 4 (1943) 3—., PI. 2 no. 5. For its more recent chronological terminology cf. M. V. GARASANIN: Germania 35 (1957) 198-. b/) Pl. I no. 7) is found in the material of the earlier Salcu^a excavations.

72 Krivodol, developing at the same pace as Salcu\a,

73 furnishes good parallels to the varieties a/

—c/ of Pitvaros.

74 The precursors of the stouter b/ variety are also known from Kunino in NW-Bulgaria,

75 the analogies of forms a/ and b/ from the nearby Morovica

16 and the settlement Okolglava, situated more to the South.

77 As a parallel to the two-handled mug of grave 43 at Pitvaros a vase from the uppermost, Early Bronze Age layer of Ruse

73 may be quoted. In the stratum Bubanj II, contemporary with Salcu\a III, both the varieties a) and b) are to be found.

79 The latter has been uncovered also by the more recent excavations with an additional wart ornament, its varieties (Pitvaros, graves 5 and 43) are occurring even in layer HI.

80 The southernmost appearance of the twohandled mugs we may connect with our group was observed at Plocnik.

81 With the exception of the characteristic wart, the ornaments of the two-handled mugs of the Salcuta

—Krivodol

—Bubanj culture are missing in the Pitvaros group. The typical Nagyrév rib ornament of several Pitvaros pieces tends to show that the majority of the two-handled vases of our group are local products already, although they follow the original basic forms faithfully. The same culture embraces the precursors of the bowls with inverted rims (type 4). We find similar pieces at Ruse,

82 Bubanj

8

'

3 and Salcu\a,

8i often with a perforated wart handle. Another typical southern form is the bowl with the rim arched inwards (type 2), the parallels of which are known from Vinca,

85 being general also in Troy IV

86 and V.

s

' Both the double conical and the splaying-rimmed bowls are found in Troy V,

88 but the latter occur much nearer too, at Vinca

83 and PZocnik.'

H) 80 M. V. GARASANIN: PZ 36 (1958) 223—., PI. 2 nos 1, 4. Id., BRGK 39 (1958) 53, Pl. 13 nos 3-4. — I note that this leading form of the culture Bubanj II a-c is continued in phase IV without a breach; — A bronze age two handled jug with wort-ornament published recently also from Devetaki: V. MIKOV—

N. DJAMBAZOV: op. cit. 106-, Fig. 81 b, Fig. 82 a. 81 M. GRBIC: Plocnik. Aeneolitische Ansiedlung. (Belgrad 1928) 18— Fig. 8. 82 G. GEORGIEV—

N. ANGELOV: op. cit. Fig. 43. 83 ORSSICH de SLAVETICH: op. cit. Fig. 13 no. 8. 84 D. BERCIU: Contributii Fig. 114 nos 2, 4, 5; Fig. 119 no. 1; Fig. 119 no. l; Fig. 132 nos 1 seq., and chiefly id., APO Fig. 59. 85 N. VULIC—M. GRBIC: op. cit. Pl. 6 nos 5, 14. 86 C.W. BLEGEN et al.: Troy. The Third, Fourth and Fifth Settlements (Princeton 1951), Vol. II Part 2, (henceforth Troy II/2) PI. 176 nos 33, 130; Pl. 178 no. 5; Pl 186 no. 2. 87 Ibid. PL 251 nos 1-3. 88 Ibid. PL 238 types A 20 and A 23; PL 251 nos 4-5; PL 254 no. 26. 89 N. VULIC—M. GRBIC: op. cit. PL 6 no. 12. 90 M. GRBIC: Plocnik, Fig. 27. 30