Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)
Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.
5. The situation of the Pitvaros group in the Maros region The chronological situation of the group settled in the always densely inhabited Tisza— Maros region is not defined by stratigraphical observations so far. The Pitvaros group and the Pécel culture. The possibility of a connection between our group and the Bodzáspart group of the Pécel culture has been suggested by Gy. Gazdapusztai. He based this supposition on the similarity of some bowl forms and on the two-handled mug of grave 4 at Pitvaros. In his judgment the latter should have an archaic form (derived from the two-handled vases of the Bodrogkeresztur culture?) and its ornament of a punctured line should follow a typical Pécel tradition. 46 I do not find the typological comparison either of the bowl or of the mug satisfactory, nor do I regard such a far-reaching evaluation of a simple motive as convincing evidence. So I cannot accept the connection between the Pécel culture and the Pitvaros group. The people of the Eastern corded pottery. In our territory the cremation burial-mound at Szerbkeresztur (Srpski Krstur), yielding a characteristic eastern cord-ornamented vessel, is wedged between our group and the Pécel culture. 47 In grave 23 of the Pitvaros cemetery a skeleton buried on a fireplace (?) is described, with a cord-ornamented sherd a grave-furniture. This might allude to a connection in a certain degree. The Makó group. According to the researches of N. Kalicz i8 the Makó group of the Zok culture was contemporary and probably connected with the people of the corded ware and the tumuli of ochre graves. So they may be regarded as chronologically identical layers. The hitherto known Makó finds of our territory (Ószentiván^ Makó, Szeged —Öthalom, Hódmezővásárhely—Szakállhát, the holding of B. Égető, Diószegi farm, 50 Csóka 51 ) are situated in such a manner that the area of their settlement covers that of our group. The folk of the Makó group practised cremation burial, thus it cannot be linked to the Pitvaros people genetically. The finds typical of one group are not occurring with the other, their potteries are different both in material and 46 Arch. Ert. 89 (1962) 11, Figs 3 (Table) and 4. 47 M. V. GARASANIN: BRGK 39 (1958) 51-52, note 283. PI. 6 no. 1. ' 48 Cf. note 3. 49 J.BANNER: Dolg. 18 (1942) 145-146, Fig. 1. 50 J. BANNER: Das Tisza-Maros-Körös-Gebiet bis zur Entwicklung der Bronzezeit (Szeged 1942) 78-80, Pl. 133-135. 51 N. VULIC— M. GRBIC: op cit. Pl. 13 nos 10-11; Pl. 14 nos 12-13. form. The slight relation one may observe on one or two bowl forms and the pots 52 may doubtless be attributed to the Makó legacy handed down to the local (Kőtörés) group of the Nagyrév culture. According to these observations the Makó group and the corded ware tumulus (probably representing the leading stratum of this people) have preceded the appearance of the Pitvaros folk, or they could have met without a significant intercourse when the first ended and the second began its period of life. The Gyula group. The data available at present do not justify the suggestion of a contact between our group and its easternnortheastern neighbour. The Nagyrév culture. The chronological indentity and close relations are doubtless. Several imported Nagyrév vessels occurred in the Pitvaros cemetery, nay the impact of Nagyrév pottery may be found in the whole group. The areas of the Nagyrév and Pitvaros settlements are avoiding each other! The earliest imported Nagyrév ware is the jug of grave 36 at Pitvaros (Pl. Ill no. 4). It belongs to the earliest, ökörhalom phase of the Nagyrév culture, its twin specimens may be adduced from the cremation graves discovered near the Ne Tovább inn, Szolnok. 53 The jug of grave 4 at Pitvaros (Pl. I no. 10) belongs to the same early phase, though it is not remoted from the later Kőtörés type either. 54 The handled beaker of grave 2 at Óbéba is most probably an Ökörhalom-type imported vase too, or at least the copy of such (PI. IX no. I). 55 The connections with the Kőtörés group of the Tisza—Maros region are evident. The Nagyrév people of the Kőtörés group were settled on the right bank of the Tisza, their Szőreg graves in the Maros—Tisza cornermay be linked to a smaller ethnical group inhabiting the mouth of the river. The Pitvaros sites are always situated at a distance of 15—20 km to the S—SE from the finds of the Kőtörés type. Pots seem to be vessels of Kőtörés influence in the first place (PI. II nos 8, 13, Pl. V no, 14; Pl. IX no. 4). Their Nagyrév antecedents are found in the Ökörhalom phase already, later they will become one of the leading forms of the Kőtörés group, together with the vertical rib ornament visible on the pot of grave 26 at Pitvaros (Pl. II no. 8). 5 ' 6 Beside the rib orna52 J. BANNER: op. cit. Pl. 113, in the middle 2, at the bottom 2; PI. 134, on the top 2; PI. 135, no. 3. 53 I. BONA: Alba Regia 2-3 (1962) 12, 20, Pl. ГУ. 2-4. 54 Ibid. 16, Pl. X—XIII. further J. BANNER—I. BONA—L. MÁRTON- Acta Arch. Hung. 10 (1957) 87-, PI. 27 no. 44; F. TOMPÁ: op cit. p. 70, Fig. 4 no. 235. 55 I. BONA: Alba Regia 2-3 (1962) PL VIII. 2. N. KALICZ: Arch. Ert. 83 (1957) 130 seq., Pl. 23 no. 2. 56 I. BONA: op. cit. 16-17, PL X. 6, XII. 4, 11, 14, XIII. 5, 13. 28
