Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 2.-3. 1961-1962 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1963)
Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Cemeteries of the Nagyrév Culture. II–III, 1961–62. p. 11–23. t. I–XVIII.
in itself does not serve for the determination of any culture. 3. So the Nagyrév culture is uniform. Although the present paper endeavours to clear up chronological and regional differences, this does not detract from the unity and indetity of the culture. While inner classification makes the emphasing of these larger or smaller differences necessary, they are very rarely divided by clear-cut lines in reality. The chronological development and regional disintegration of the Nagyrév pottery is a process, having no stagnation periods or limits definable at will. The Ailsónémedl cemetery provides an excellent illustration. It lies on the eastern bank of the Danube, at a distance of 8 to 10 km from Szigeitszeintmüklós, on the plain between the Danube and the Tisza. Nevertheless, it contains he elements of all our three types, without allowing its inclusion in one of them. Its rite of scattered cremation and a cosiderable part of its vessels reveal an origin of the ökörhalom type. At the same time some of its rites and urns are related to the Kőtörés type too, nay its numerous Kőtörés forms make it a connecting link between the two, Danubian and Tisza, groups of this type. As we have seen, its territory lies on the boundaries of the Szigetszentmiklós type. Accordingly the elements of the Szigetszentmiklós type, developing from the ökörhalom one, are appearing in it. Finally the Alsónémedi cemetery is one of the Nagyrév sites which reveal the impact af the Bell — Beaker culture, e. g. in the shape of bowls at this occasion; this influence, however, is insignificant for the development and everyday life of the Nagyrév culture in our judgment, so we have left it out consideration in the present paper. — We might quote more similnr examples yet. but we think this one will suffice in order to prove our thesis. On the chronology and connections of the various Nagyrév types The ökörhalom type. This is the most extensive of all, roughly covering the entire area of expansion of the Nagyrév culture. Roughly, because it is hardly occurring south from the mouth of the Körös, but it is represented in the interior of Transdanubia stronger than the others. The road of Nagyrév development leads doubtless towards regional differentiation. In this sense we may regard the ökörhalom type as the mother culture of all later varieties. Its early dating is supported by the vessel for suspension of the Szőlőhalom urn grave, showing early Zóik patterns, and the incrusted Zók character patterns of the biconical store-jar from Üjdombóvár. 5 'In the Early Bronze Age the globular or oval urn type, with a tight neck and mostly a lattice dividing the surface on the belly, appears in the Somogyvár— Gönyü groupe first (Ajka); the form itself, with all its features, may be traced back to the water-jar-shaped urn types earliest southern Bronze Age group (Gönyü, Sághegy, Nezsider etc.). Another immediate model may be found it the stubbier Proto-Nagyrév variety, 5^ We mean the Zók group of the Upper Tisza region and beyond this river, the material of which will be published by N. Kalicz. £>•'* We intend to present the Somogyvár-Gönyü group and the other Early Bronze Age groups in question (ÔbébaPitvaros, Proto-Nagyrév) comprehensively. Their material is largely unpublished. 54 J. BANNER, Die Péeeler Kultur. АН 35 (1956) pl. CXIV nos 1—2. appearing around the Danube bend (Esztergom— Szentkirály j Vác—Pogányvár, Tinnye, Szentendre, Békásmegyer etc.) together with characteristic Proto— Nagyrév jugs. The store-jar shaped-urn type with the brushed belly may be equally found at the beginning of the Bronze Age already (e. g. Sághegy, Zombor, Lengyel, Somogyvár). The ökörhalom type is conspiciously connected to the Somogyvár—Gönyü group by the biconical angular jug and pot, since their near relatives, the types of jars, jugs and pots are just the prominent forms of the mentioned group (Somogyvár, Lengyel, Sármellék, Alsódörgicse, Esztergom:—Szentkirály, Rajka, Gönyü, Simongát, Pécs—Makárhegy etc.). We have to note, however, that similar [angular-bellied jugs are aqually typical of the Ljubljana and Schneckberg groups of the Early Bronze Age. It is more difficult to show the near precursors of the Nagyrév jugs and jars, as the prototype of this shape is well extended in the whole area of the Carpathian basin at the beginning of the Bronze Age. The similarly fashioned jugs of the Somogy vár and Schneckenberg groups cannot be reckoned with in this case, as their handles are starting from the rims usually. It may well be that the antecedents are those Proto — Nagyrév jugs which have handles applied to the necks (e. g. Szigetsznetmiklós, Tolnanómedi, Helemba, Pécsvárad, Szentes—Jaksor, Hódmezővásárhely—Barcirét, Székesfehérvár—Szedreskert, Pilismarót Dunaföldvár, Tököl), The pedestalled dish is familiar in our area beginning with the Pécel culture, 5 '' and it is found also during Early Bronze Age 1. mainly in the Zók variety (Ljubljana, Tököl, Zók—Várhegy, Kiskőszeg, Pókaszepetk, Lengyel etc.). All the precursors of the bowl types may be found in the Óbéba—Pitvaros group, the Somogyvár—Gönyü group (Lengyel) and the Proto—Nagyrév circle (Tököl, Pécsvárad, Kiskőszeg, Hódmezővásárhely—Térehát). The exact parallels of the small truncated conesheped vases from Tószeg—ökörhalom. (1956) are known from Somogyvár and the Proto —Nagyrév find at Vác. The vases for suspension have some Pécel antecedents too (we shall treat them in the Kőtörés group in detail). As to decorative elements it is difficult to determine the origin of the plastic patterns. The ribs running vertically on the bellies of the vessels are frequent in Pécel ceramics already, 55 but they are occurring elsewhere too in the Early Bronze Age (Pitvaros, Röszke). The moustache ornament situated below the handle in an inverted U-shape makes its appearance also on Pécel vessels. 5 " On the other hand we scarcely meet the moustache ornament at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, even then in a quite small, puny form (Tököl, Nezsider (Neusiedel am See), 57 Schneckenberg 58 ). We are going to return to his question in connection with the Kőtörés type. 55 Ibid. pi. IV no. 16, pi. VII nos 41, 46, pl. IX no. 9, pl. X nos 1—3, pl. XII no. 2, pl. XIII no. 9, pl. XIV no. 24, pl. XXVI no. 7 etc. 5« Ibid. pi. XXI. no. 3, pl. CXIII. nos 7, 9. 5/ R. PITTIONI, Urgeschichte des österreichischen Raumes. (Wien 1954) íig. 120. 5« A. PROX, Die Schneckenbergkultur. (Kronstadt 1941), pl. XXIII no. 1 and fig. 23. H. SCHROLLER, Die Stein- und Kupferzeit Siebenbürgens. (Berlin 1933), pl. 50 no. 4a. 20
