Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 2.-3. 1961-1962 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1963)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Cemeteries of the Nagyrév Culture. II–III, 1961–62. p. 11–23. t. I–XVIII.

The elements of the drawn ornaments are partly of an eqrly Zók character, e. g. the X patterns or the zigzag lines. The structure and application of these patterns are doubtless related to several decorated specimens of the late Bell Beakers and the Marschwitz vessels.

59 As we shall point out bellow, the latter may probably be reduced to southern prototypes. So the ökörhalom type, being the first developped formation of the Nagyrév culture, may have evolved from the earliest Bronze Age as a result of a certain process of integration. The enumerated examples were only intended to give an idea of this process. Connections. We do not known any vase of the Ökörhalom type from authentic site of an other culture. Only in grave 4 at Pitvaros do we find a Nagyrév jug related to the Ökörhalom forms. The Kőtörés type. The majority of the Kőtörés pottery are related to the Ökörhalom forms. These are the Nagyrév jars and jugs, the urns, the pots divided by a lattice ornament and brushed below, the vases for suspension — in one word, the most important varieties. Though we might observe certain, not even insignificant, differences between these and the basic Ökörhalom forms, these cannot be regarded as the results of a chronological development only. On the contrary, the Ökörhalom type seems to be very weakly represented along the Tisza south from the mouth of the Körös and in the bend of the Danube. It is nearer to the truth then if we suppose that the two types have evolved parallel along each other, at least in the se^ cond half of the Ökörhalom period. The special local development is based on the Proto

—Nagyrév and early Ökörhalom cultures on one hand, and the Óbéba— Pitvaros group, settling on the area of the Maros mouth on the other. So the Nagyrév man of the middle Tisza region has begun a special road of development as a result of a lively intercourse with his southern neighbours. The southern influence is mirrored by the twohandled mugs of the Kőtörés type at the best. We know some fitting precedents also from the nearby southern areas, from Űjveribász (Nov! Vrbas) (PI. XI no. 11), Dubovác

60 and Baja—Jankódülő. They are common in the Pitvaros cemetery, but in a smaller size (graves 5, 18, 26, 30, 31, 36, 38). Exact formal parallels of the one-handled variety (with a tubular support) are occurring in grave 9 at Óbéba at Röszlke and in grave 26 at Pitvaros (with a tubular support too). There are two elements in these mugs of the Kőtörés type, howerer, which are strikingly frequent in a 5'J E. g. PITTONI op. cit. fig. 184 nos 1, 5, fig. 193 nos 4, 5, 14; К. TIHELKA, Moravská únetická pohrebiste. PA 44 (1953) 229 seqq. fig. 7 no. 3, fig. 10 no. 1. H. SEGER, Das Gräberfeld von Marschwitz. Schlesiens Vorzeit III (1904) seqq. figs 20, 25, 31. tiO J. BERKESZI, MKÉ 2 (1908) 198 seqq. U1 H. SEGER, Die keramischen Stilarten der jüngeren Steinzeit Schlesiens. Schi. Vorz. VII (1916) 1 seqq. fig. 261. 62 A. STOCKY, La Bohème Préhistorique I. L'âge du pierre (Prague 1929), pi. 114 no. 10, pi. 116 no. 16, pi. .120 no. 8, pi. 120 no. 19. 63 R. PITTIONI op. cit. fig. 182 nos 1—la. ti'i H. SEGER, Neue Funde der Glockenbecherkultur. Altschlesien 4 (1932-34) 83 seqq. fig. 23. 65 j. FILIP, Praveke Ceskoslovensko, (Praha 1948) fig. 28 no. 14. 66 K. TIHELKA op. cit. fig. 7 no. 4. 67 E. g. J. SCHRANIL, Die Vorgeschichte Böhmens und Mährens (Berlin u. Leipzig 1928) pl. П no. 1. H. SEGER, Die keramischen Stilarten, op. cit. fij. 285. H. SEGER, Das Gräberfeld von Marschwitz, op. cit. fig. 31. W. FRENZL — variety of the so-called late Bell-Beaker pottery of Austria, Bohemia-Moravia and Silesia. This variety is a one-handled pot with a compressed globular body and a short, wide

; funnel-vise splaying neck. Also in form it reminds us of some pot of the Kőtörés type, especially the Vác and Dunaalmás specimens. The two common elements are type plastic moustache below the handle, formed of two semi-circles (Marschwitz,

61 Kralupy, Nebovidy, Cicavice, an unknown Bohemian site and Oggau

63

) and, occurring also in the company of the former, the treble rib decorating the belly (Weigwitz,

64 Zvoleneves,

65 Slapanice

66

). Other Marschwitz and late Bell-Beaker forms also have a similar moustache,

67 and the rib ornament of one to three members equally.

68 The connection between both areas can hardly be denied. One question is to be solved, if we may put it so rigidly: which of the two populations has handled over the above elements to above elements to the other. Our earlier research adopted the view that our Early Bronze Age, first of all the Nagyrév culture!, has been established by the immigrants from the Bohemian-Moravian region, the Bell-Beaker folk.

69 In our case this solution seems to be supported by the fact that the only authentic find of the Tisza region attributable to the Bell-Beaker culture, a pedestalled bowl, is known just from Kőtörés.

70 In our judgment, we are faced by an inverse situation on the whole. It is just the people of our earliest Bronze Age groups (mainly that of the Somogy vár—Gönyü group) which has surpassed the boundaries of the Carpathian basin, reaching Silesia, Bohemia, possibly Central Germany too. The relation of the Early Bronze Age and the Late Copper Age respectively in both areas may be reduced mainly to this movement. All this does not exclude the possibility of a contrary movement, nay the fact of such in the case of the Bell-Beaker folk.

71 It is worth while therefore to investigate the problem of the mentioned Kőtörés vases. As to the shape of the pots, we have to repeat that they "are following doubtless the mentioned southern forms instead the Central European ones. The two-handled mug familiar with us is unknown among the forms of the Bell-Beaker ware. On the other hand the onehandled variety, identical to Central European forms, accompanying the Bell-Beakers, is occurring in the surroundings of Tököl, Vác, Esztergom and Budakalász in numbers, showing not a single moustache or rib ornament, however. W. RADIG — O. RECHE, Grundriss der Vorgeschichte Sachsens (Leipzig 1934) fig. 213. 68 E. g. STOCKY op. Cit. pl. 112 nos 12, 14, pl. 122 ПО. 5; SCHRANIL op. Cit. pl. 16 no. 6, pl. 17 no. 4. 6'J TOMPA, PATAY and MOZSOLICS opp. citt., further N. KALICZ, FA 7 (1955) 54 seqa. — KALICZ, Arch Ért. 84 (1957) op. cit. 130, publishing the Alsónémedi cemetery, mentions only a near "affinity" of the finds and the Nagyrév culture. Analyzing its pottery and burial rites he points out almost exclusively north-western connections. We have seen, however, that 90 per cent, of the vessels uncovered in the cemetery are typical of the Nagyrév culture. In recent literature P. PATAY (Arch. Ért. 87 [1960] 197) is representing the view that the Nagyrév culture is derived from the Bell-Beaker culture. In our judgment we are faced by an opposite situation. The widely extended and long-lived Nagyrév culture has assimilated the small Bell-Beaker group living in the surroundings of Budapest. 70 J. BANNER, Arch. Ért. 77 (1950) 107—109. 74 I. BONA, Annales UniV, Budapest. Sect, Hist, 3 (1961) 7 seqq. 21