Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 2.-3. 1961-1962 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1963)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Cemeteries of the Nagyrév Culture. II–III, 1961–62. p. 11–23. t. I–XVIII.

We reserved a few finds yet, in order to prove the full identity of the urns of this group in Western Hungary and along the Tisza. A grave at Dunaújváros (Dunapentele) Táborállás contributed to the Dunaújváros Museum the following finds: 1—2. One-handled biconical Nagyrév jugs (PI IX nos 2—3). 3. The fragment of a double-handled conical bowl (PI. IX no. 1). 5. The fragment of a large-size urn, its smoot"' neck is divided from the brushed surface of the body by a horizontal lath (PI. IX no. 5). — A quite similar urn has been published from Nagyrév (Pl. IX no. 8). We are presenting the urn A 24 from the Nagyrév graves of the Dunaújváros — Duna d ü 1 ő (Pl. IX no. 9). The huge urn of the Szentes Museum, derived from the vicinity of Szentes, is quite similar to the former (PL IX no. 10). Smaller urn-jars of the same type have been published from Szekszárd — Jajdomb (PL IXno. 6) and Nagyrév too (PI IX no. 7). The extension of the ökörhalom type embraces the Cull area of extension of the Nagyrév culture, if we succeeded in determining the characteristic features of the group. We endeavoured to fix the boundaries of the extension with the help of the two most typical forms of vessels, tbje biconical pots and the urns. We meet them in Transdanubia, east from Lake Balaton and north from the Sió river up to the bend of the Danube, and along the Tisza from the mouth of the Zagyva down to that of the Körös alike. No essential difference may be found between the finds of the Danube region and those of the Tisza neighbourhood. We know hardly anything of the burial rites of the ökörhalom type. No description is available on the Tőszeg—ökör halom graves. At Szanda the ashes were lying in the urn, but some vases and a part of the ashes were found outside it. The graves of Tószeg— ökörhalom uncovered in 1956 and those of Tószeg— Hoimoklaposdülő may have represented similar urn burials. On the evidence of the Alsónémedi cemetery, showing a number of related forms,

17 we are bound to suppose, howerer that the group has contained scattered cremation burials in a proportion at the least equal to the urns Beside the majority of the ökörhalom graves the Szigetszentmiklós and the Nagykőrös cemeteries might have been like that too. We may summarize the characteristic material of the ökörhalom type as follows. Nagyrév jars and jugs. The jars are characterized by a form a round belly sitting on a concial lower part, joined by a pronouncedly separated long neck. Their strap handles are running from the upper part of the neck to the belly (PL I. 4,6). — Among the jugs we find two dominant types. One of them is a rather angular form, and as a matter of fact, it is a double truncated cone. Its small handle sits on the neck (PL IV 3). Beside this the alredy "classical" Nagyrév form is also frequent; with this one an arched upper part or neck is leaning on a bulging belly (PL VI. 10). The small strap handle is situated on the neck equally. Urns. The type with a globular or a rather compressed globular body and a tightening neck is the most frequent. The neck is divided from the body by 17 N. KALICZ op. cit. p. 127. 18 Ibid. pi. XXIV no 7. HI Ibid. pi. XXIII nos 2, 10. 20 This is the accepted term for these vases in our literature. Naturally they are only hanging if they are actually suspended, which is unlikely in the majority of cases. a small rim in every case, and a lattice ornament is running round the belly or the lower third of the urn. The surface under the lattice is mainly brushed (PL IV. 6,9). Another variety is an oval-shaped, more slender urn, the surface of which is brushed or pockmarked up to the neck (PL III. 10, 11). Widemouthed and, at numéros instances, large-size urnjars are occuring too, their smooth necks are divided from the bruched bodies by a lattice ornament (PL IX 9. 10).Such is the urn of grave 11 at Alsónémedi too.

1

» One-handled pots with double truncated cone shapes. This is perhaps the most characteristic form of the ökörhalom type. On the shorter truncated cone representing their lower portions there are the upper parts, having the shape of a higher inverted truncated cone. The joint of these parts is often emphasized by a protruding cornice or an impressed groove. Their small strap handles are applied to the upper portions (PL VIII 6—15). The pot of grave 2 at Szanda is a variety of this type with a softer profile (PL IV no 7). We meet both varieties in the groves 2 and 10 at Alsónémedi.

19 Bowls. They are monotonous variétés, similar to each other. The bottom is of a truncated cone shape with al^ continued in a low arched splaying rim with a sharp bend or sometimes a slight bulge. The rim- is bridged over by one to four strap handles (PL II. 9). So-called vases "for suspension" .'^ Mostly decorated small vases, standing on small supports perforated with round or square holes, sometimes unpierced. One tiny handle is sitting on the shoulder of each (PL III 1 ; V 4). Its varieties are frequent in the material of the Tószeg settlement.

21 Dishes. Thick-sided, straight-rimmed small vessels with the shape of an inverted truncated cone, standing on a pedestal, having the shape of a small-size truncated cone. At the edges of their rims they have small handles (PL VII 5, 13). Flower-pot-shaped cups, with strap handles applied vertically or horizontally; the tiny specimens have wart handles or no handle at all. We know several parallels from Alsónémedi

22 (PL VI 18). The horizontal handle is the impact of the Bell-Beaker potterey. Store-jar. A one-handled form with a rather arched belly and a cylindrical body, sometimes with no handle at all, having a lattice ornament above the belly regulary (PL IX 6, 7). One-handled jug, with a conical or somewhat arched body and a small handle starting from the rim (PL I 3). It occurs at Tószeg too.

23 Double-handled small vase with a cylindrical nsck and an oval body. PL XIII No. 15. Decoration Apart from the lattice ornament of the urns plastic decoration is rare in the group. A lattice or rib, consisting of a single member, is found on the bellies of a few jars (PL II 6 b, PL VI 11). On the other hand we meet an inverted U or V-shaped moustache ornament under the handles of the biconical pots at several occasicms (PL IÏ 3 b, PI. VII 14). Incised patterns are occurring mainly on the vases for suspension (PL I no. 21 I. BONA, Acta Arch. Hung. 10 .1957) f ;

g. 1 nos 7, 9—12, 17, 22, 25. 22 N. KALICZ op. Cit. pl. XXIII nos 9—10, 18, pl. XXIV no. 1 23 I. BONA op. cit. fig. 1 no. 20, fig. 2 no 2. 14