Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 2.-3. 1961-1962 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1963)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Cemeteries of the Nagyrév Culture. II–III, 1961–62. p. 11–23. t. I–XVIII.

Also the one to three-membered plastic rib, orna­menting the bellies of the vessels, is of a southern ori­gin. Leaving its frequency in the Fécel culture aside, 72 it is found at Röszke, Pitvaros (graves 5 and 26), on the Schneckenberg 73 in numbers, nay we may follow it farther to the south, if only sporadically. It is general in the Nagyrév culture, especially in the pottery of settlements, 74 and it is frequent in the Perjámos cul­ture too. 75 On the accompanying forms of the Bell­Beakers it appears in the zone of the Sudeten only. The origin of the moustache ornament below the handle is more problematical. This ornament, first of all its variety made up of two semicircles, is frequent in the Marschwitz, Late Bell-Beaker, Pre-Aunjetitz and Aunjetitz cultures. We think therefore that it is of Central European origin possibly on several Kőtörés vases, e. g. on the Vác jar (PL XIII no. 11). The forked variety of the moustache below the handle, however, appears on Somogyvár and Schneckenberg vessels already, 70 earlier than in Central Europe, as we believe, but independently at any rate. It may hardly be a coin­cidence that the earliest western moustache ornaments (Altheim, Michelsberg (?), Baalberg 77 ) are imitating this puny, fork-line shape. Accordingly the origin of the moustache ornament is uncleared; the inverted V and U-shape has also local precursons, while the ori­gin of the "O-type" is uncertain. On the already mentioned Vác jar we find draw­ings in the shape of an inverted Y. These are also fre quent in Central European Late Copper Age. 78 So the relation of the Kőtörés and Late Bell-Beak­er forms is not clear for the time being. But as the Kő­törés type does not leave the area of the Middle Danube basin as a unit, and the accompanying pottery of the local Bell-Beakers lacks the mentioned elements, wo hawe to place the meeting of these two circles somew­here about the mouth of the Morva along the Danu­be. 79 from where the new decorative elements misbt have extended to the South-East and the North-West. The southern origin of the vases for suspension is illustrated by a specimen from the vicinity of Zombor, having a pierced handle (PL XI no. 10). The perforated tubular supports have fitting precursors in the pots of grave 9 at Öbéba and grave 26 at Pitvaros, with pierced pedestals, and an Early Bronze Age vases for suspension from Pécs-Makárhegy, with a similar sup­port. — For the rest the form is surviving in the Bron­ze Age cultures of the Great Plain (Perjámos, Hatvan and Gyulavarsánd cultures) for a long time, often ha­ving a small filigree pedestal. The chronological situation of the Kőtörés type is determined by three circumstances: 1. It must have begun somewhat later than the ökörhaiom type. ?.. Its formal affinity with the Öbéba—Pitvaros group, contemporary for a while, but survived by the Kőtö­rés one. 3. It survived the Óbéba—Pitvaros group, as the Szőreg graves came to light in the name-giving cemetery of the Perjámos culture's Szőreg group. Their 72 Cp. note 55. 73 A. PROX, op. cit. fig. 25, pi. XIV, XX. 74 F. Tompa, 24'25 BRGK, op. cit. pl. 21 no. 14, pl. 22 nos 2—3; I. BONA, Acta Arch. Hung. 10 (1957) op. cit. fig. 1 no. 2, fig. 17 nos 1, 3—4, 10. 75 J. BANNER, Beigaben, op. cit. pl. Ill no. lOi, 10k, pi. VI no. 22m. 7« Cp. notes 57—58. 77 E. g. STOCKY op. cit. pl. 107 no. 12, PITTIONI op. cit fig. 118, SCHRÁNIL op. cit. pl. XIII no. 10, F. BIRKNER. Ur- und Vorzeit Bayerns (München 1936), pl. 4. — Similai ones from the Bell-Beaker culture: Altseblesien 4 (1932-34; connection cannot be of a genetic character by any means. They are either prior to the appearance of the Szőreg popuilation in the cemetery (the may be dated later then the Óbéba—Pitvaros group even in this case!), or we have to do with a few Nagyrév people buried in the Perjámos cemetery of the Szőreg 1 period, the latter being more probable. The Szigetszentmiklós type. Contrary to the Kő­törés group, having played a so-to-say coordinate part to the south-east from the area of the ökörhalom type, the Szigeiszenmiklós type is the descendant of the latter on the whole. The precedents are continued in a straight line by the oval urn with a tight neck, the store-jar-shaped urn, the pedestalled dish, the forms of the bowls, the Nagyrév jar and jug, the one-handled jug, nay we find also the precursors of the one-handled goblet in the finds of the ökörhatom type. On the other hand certain ökörhalom forms are disappearing or scarcely occurring, So the biconical store-jar disappears, the Nagyrév jugs with angular bodies are represented by one or two varieties only, the structure and decoration of the vases for suspen­sion are changed fundamentally (missing in our ma­terial). We notice a decided development on the urns with globular bellies, e. g. the appearance of drawn decor­ation (Érd) or the disappearance of the brushing from the lower part. The characteristic goblet form is evol­ved, the Nagyrév jugs become pouched, their handle moves to the rim. Finally the pedestalled dishes be­come wider, resembling the bowls. On a part of the Szigetszentmiklós areas this pro­cess leads to the development of the Kulcs type in a straight line (store-jar urn, pedestalled dish, jug with a globular belly, bowl etc.). As to decoration the moustache ornament below the handle disappears completely. The plastic orna­ment is generally rare. Among the two or three ex­amples the inverted U-shaped rib on a jar from Szi­getszentmiklós deserves attention (PL XV no. 10), the parallel of which may be mentioned from Vrábi, Bo­hemia. 80 Some urns and jugs have an incised ornament dividing the surface already, general on the Kulcs vessels. As to the connections of this type we may mention that grave .33 at Pitvaros yielded a jug with a handle starting from the rim and a pounched belly; 41 and grave 42 a double-handled pedestalled dish. 82 Summary According to earlier Hungarian theories the Nagy­rév culture has evolved from the Bell-Beaker culture in the neighbourhood of Budapest, This typological view has sewn the clothes to the button, just as in the case of the Perjámos culture, the equally huge cemete­ries and settlements of which it deduced from the four Kőtörés type urn graves reviewed above. pi. V. no 1, and the Early Aunjetitz culture respectively TH. VOIGT, Das frühbronzezeitliche Gräberfeld von Wah­litz, (Halle 1955) pi. 31 no. 3, G. BILLIG, Die Aunjetitzer Kultur in Sachsen (Leipzig 1958), fig. 25 no. 1. 7» Cp. note 59. 79 A find of Kőtörés type (?) in Austria: PITTIONI op. cit. fig. 122 no l (iilmitz) 8" A. STOCKY op. cit. pl. 116 no. 8. 81 J. BANNER, Beigaben, op. cit. pl. Ill no, 13a. SJ Ibid, pi. VII no. 30. 22

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