A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, 1971. 2. (Szeged, 1974)

Marcsik, Antónia: Data of the Copper Age anthropological find of Bárdos-farmstead at Csongrád-Kettőshalom

He is remarking in connection with the material of the cemetery at the Polgár—

Basa farmstead that the average span of life of the population moves between 29 and 32 years, in case of females being lower, in case of males higher. In his opinion, there are dominating two main types. Type-A : mesomorphic, the height of stature being above the average; the neurocranium is — on the basis of its absolute measurements — long, according to the indices it is mesodolichocranic, the splanchnocranium is eury-mesoprosopic. This taxonomic component dates back to the neolithic Bükk culture. Type-B: dolichomorphic, the stature ranges from short one till medium tall. Dolichocrany and leptoprosopy show from time to time even extreme values. The facial profile is mesognathous, the alveolar prognathism is characteristic. Nemeskéri, in his paper quoted above (1961), is dealing also with the population of the Bodrogkeresztur culture. Of that population the more delicate features are characteristic. The cranium is dolichocranic. In another paper (1956) he is similarly analysing the population of the Bodrogkeresztur culture. In the cemeteries at Pusztaistván and Kiskőrös the mesocranic features are considerable. At the same time, in the material of the findspots in Szabolcs he established gracilization on a smaller scale — as compared with cases mentioned above. In the Bodrogkeresztur culture, the fundamental race-element is formed by the Mediterranean race-component of the Tisza culture in the Neolithic period. He remarks that we have no coherent data concerning the population of the eneolithic period except the establishment that in Transdanubia there are present the Atlanto-Mediterranean features but in the East-of-the-Tisza region, in addition, there are also proto-Europid features (Soviet terminology). The population of the eneolithic period in Hungary from that of the Pécel culture just in the existence of these proto-Europid elements. In respect of the data of the population of the Pécel (Baden) culture, Nemeskéri's (1951) bulkier work deserves attention. He carried out the evaluation of 43 graves from Alsónémedi, in which there were 16 males, 8 females, 14 children and 5 of undetermined sex. He gives the summarized mean value of both sexes, in addition he publishes the stature value, as well, that is 162,40 cm in case of males, 152,50 cm in case of females. Based on taxonomic investigations, he separated three groups. Group 1: meso-hypsicranic (Mediterranean, Alpine, Dinaric); Group 2: meso(dolichocranic)-hypsicranic group (Mediterranean and proto-Europid-Cromagnoid); Group 3: brachy-hypsicranic (proto-Alpine and Dinaric). In respect of the Pécel culture, in a major work of his of comprehensive character (1956) we find a detailed elaboration of the material of three findspots. These are: Szentes—Nagyhegy, Palotabozsok, Budapest —

Andor street. He reports on the individual measurements, as well as the mean values of these, too, comparing them simultaneously with other European finds. Finally he established that the population of the Pécel culture differs from that of Bodrogkeresztur culture because of the predominance of the Mediterranean race-component. The origin of the Mediterranean race-element goes partly back to the Tisza culture, however it is of South-Eastern origin. The pathological deformations belonging closely to the biological reconstruction were established by Nemeskéri and co-worker (Gáspárdy—Nemeskéri, 1959) in respect of the population of the Copper Age (Pécel culture). They have observed fro m among the pathological deformations in a proper sense spondylosis, arthrosis, the traces of fractures and orbital criba and apart from these various developmental anomalies and anatomical variations, as well (spina bifida occulta, foramen intracondyloideum). In Danilenko's book (1969) we have found the neolithic-eneolithic cultures i 23