Gyulai Éva - Viga Gyula (szerk.): Történet - muzeológia : Tanulmányok a múzeumi tudományok köréből a 60 éves Veres László tiszteletére (Miskolc, 2010)
IKONOGRÁFIA - Gyulai Éva: Vinum acuit ingenium - A hordón ülő Bacchus ikonográfiája a 16-17. századi emblémákon
VERSNEL, H. S. (Henk) 1970 Triumphus: Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph. Leiden, Brill DIGITÁLIS GYŰJTEMÉNYEK ÉS ADATBÁZISOK Bayerische Landesbibliothek, München, Digitale Bibliothek www.bsb-muenchen . de / Digitalisierung Gallica, bibliothéque numérique http://gallica.bnf.fr Herzog-August-Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel (HAB) Wolfenbütteler Digitale Bibliothek (WDB) www.hab.de/bibliothek/wdb JOCONDE Catalogue des collections des musees de France www.culture.gouv.fr/documentation/joconde/fr/pres.htm Mandragore, base des manuscripts enluminés de la B.n.F http://mandragore.bnf.fr Musée du Louvre, Inventaire informatisé du département des Arts graphiques http://artsgraphiques.louvre.fr Ornamental Prints online (Kunstbibliothek Berlin; UPM Prag; MAK Wien) www.ornamentalprints.eu The iconography of Bacchus resting on a barrel on 16th— 17th century emblems The figure of Bacchus resting on a barrel can still be often seen in the Tokaj-Hegyalja region during the autumn harvest festivities, as well as on the fountain in the main square of Tokaj. Bacchus began to be depicted resting on a barrel from the 16th century; in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the god of wine was portrayed as riding in a chariot drawn by leopards or tigers, or astride wild creatures. The Gaulish barrel first became Bacchus' attribute in the 15th century; initially appearing in the miniatures of illuminated manuscripts, this portrayal soon became popular on woodcuts and copper engravings too, as well as in the illustrations of emblem books. The first portrayal of the deity resting on a barrel can be found in Joannes Sambucus' Emblemata (1564); the motto of his Bacchus emblem, Odi memorem compotorem ) was adopted from Erasmus. The poem accompanying the emblem elaborates the beneficial qualities of wine for inducing oblivion. Nicolas Reusner too drew from Erasmus' Adagia (In vino Veritas)', an illustration in his emblem book (Aureolorum emblematum liber singularis, 1587) shows Bacchus sitting in front of a barrel, with Sapientia (Wisdom) standing beside him, a reminder that man should use wine wisely and with moderation. The figure of Bacchus appears in two emblems of Floris von Schoonhoven (Emblemata, 1618): the deity resting on the barrel is accompanied by Pegasus, because - according to the motto - wine drunk in moderation sharpens the mind (Vinum acuit ingenium) and lets creative powers soar. The Bacchus emblems all agree that the naked Roman deity wearing nothing but a wreath of vine leaves portrayed astride a barrel is the personification of wine drinking, the enjoyment of life and of a peaceful world. The engravings of the emblem books were made by the most outstanding artists of the late Renaissance and the Baroque, ensuring that the iconography of Bacchus resting on a barrel was transmitted and popularised in excellent artistic works. Eva Gyulai 309
