Gyulai Éva - Viga Gyula (szerk.): Történet - muzeológia : Tanulmányok a múzeumi tudományok köréből a 60 éves Veres László tiszteletére (Miskolc, 2010)

KÉZMŰVESSÉG - IPARTÖRTÉNET - Hazag Adám: A miskolci csizmadia ipartársulat megalakulástól a második ipartörvényig, 1872-1884

The Shoemakers'Association in Miskolc from its foundation to the Second Industry Act (1872-1884) The study discusses the transformation of the craftsmen's society in Miskolc and. more specifically, that of the shoemakers' guild. The transformation of 19th century economy and the appearance of factories proper meant that the craftsmen of Hungary were forced to transform their production structure in order to survive and to make the traditional, but "out-dated" guild production more competitive. This process was not initiated by the guilds because the craftsmen's society working within the framework of a centuries' old system insisted on retaining the conditions they had become accustomed to. The transformation dictated and enforced by the state through various regulations often came up against strong resistance, partly because the craftsmen feared the loss of the privileges of the craft industry that had evolved within the guild system, and partly because they wished to eliminate the activity of "dabbler" craftsmen, previously barred from practicing any crafts, who now meant strong competition. This enforced transformation often led to the decline and, in some cases, to the disappearance of the formerly prosperous guild associations; at the same time, the transformation of some guilds into professional associations meant that they were able to preserve their former positions in Hungarian industry and in a few cases, the transformation stimulated later development. The first reform was brought about by the First Industry Act (Act VIII of 1872) which triggered a profound change in the earlier industrial system, and generated an adaptation to the new norms and the diverse social demands. The first reforms did not achieve the desired results in all respects and it later became necessary to amend the hastily passed law, which foreshadowed later legislation (Second Industry Act, Act XVII of 1884). The outcome of the diverse trajectories was reflected in the purchasing customs and in the adaptation to the new regulations, to which illustrations are drawn from the documents of the Shoemakers'Association (one of the most dynamic crafts in Miskolc), housed in the Guild History Collection of the Herman Ottó Museum. A dám Hazag 174