Műemlékek B.-A.-Z. megyében (Miskolc, 1988)

Idegennyelvű összefoglalók - Historic Buildings in County Borsod-Abaúj Zemplén

mentioned on the first place that reached its prosperity under the Rákóczis in the 1 7th century. The Protestant education of the region also largely contributed to that that the counties accounted to traditional regions of anti-Habsburg attitude. This effected the last time in the reform age and the War of Independence, 1848-49, when this region put such outstanding personalities as Lajos Kossuth, László Palóczy and Bertalan Szemere on the scene of the national history. Following the fall of the War of Independence, 1 848—49, county Borsod became the centre of the economic and social development against county Zemplén. The most striking features of the capitalistic development here can be observed, particularly In the dynamic growth of coal mining and iron industry. Naturally enough, that contradictions and social tensions here showed up the most sharply, particularly in the labour movement that reached its climax in the Civil Revolution of October, 1918 and in the supsequent Hungarian Soviet Republic. In the individual historical periods, specific cultural and architectural objects were established and also the characteristic features of the nobility's the urban bourgeoisie's and the peasantry's life took form. These questions will be discussed in detail by subsequent studies. Fortresses and Fortified Castles The turns of the county and the country and their famous figures are called to memory by the region's fortresses even in their ruins, though, except two, fate brought all of them decay, leaving sometimes more, sometimes less of their walls. As the memories of the establishment of the counties from the 11 th century, rise their former centres, the enterenchments of the huge earthwork of Borsod and Abaujvár. Thesesmall, moated, entrenched lords' earthworks of which dozensof similar others can be seen in the county, were replaced by stone fortresses only after the Mongol invasion of the country, 1 241-42. In the second half of the 1 3th century, at the order of King Béla IV. or following his example, a whole series of fortresses were erected on the hardly accessible mountain peaks of the region, in defence against subsequent attacks. At the beginning, they consisted of a single tower with surrounding ramparts and were only gradually completed with additional buildings into royal or aristocrats' residences and power centres of the castle estates. This is witnessed by the fortress ruins of Boldogkő, Regéc, Szádvár and Füzér which is the only one prior to the Mongol invasion. These, upto their destruction in the late 1 7th century, were constantly enlarged, fitted and tidied to the convenience of their residents, while other fortresses losing their importance or damaged by prior attacks, had earlier failed into ruins.