Szolyák Péter - Csengeri Piroska (szerk.): A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 56. (Miskolc, 2017)

Régészet - Tarbay, János Gábor: New Late Bronze Age Metal Finds from Gönc

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Tarbay, János Gábor

a socketed axe with beaked mouth and four or three curved ribs is known since Baron Miske’s work (Miske 1907, XXIV. tábla 6). The appearance of such axes in the Western part of the Carpathians is significantly lower than in the Eastern regions. However, the existence of this mould suggests that this characteristic Ha B1 design somehow ended up at the feet of the Alps due to adoptation, imitation, mobility (e.g. itinerant smith) or other causes. In the future this should be investigated in detail, because the appearance of this mould suggests that local production of an „Eastern” artefact was existed in Transdanubia, in the Ha B1 period. The Cat. No. 8 socketed axe has fine parallels among the hoards of the Hajdúböszörmény horizon (Ha Bl): Balmazújváros, Mezőkövesd vidéke, Pácin, Taktakenéz, Tiszaszentimre (Kemenczei 1984,188—189, 420, Taf. CCX.10,13; Mozsolics 2000, 34-35, 56-57, 64, 80-81, Taf. 4.2-3, Taf. 53.5, Taf. 71.12, Taf. 100.3). Only one rectangular-sectioned specimen was dated to the Ha Al from the Napkor II hoard (Kemenczei 1984,178, 393, Taf. CLXXXII1.9; Mozsolics 1985,158). A gracile axe with beaked mouth and three ribs was bought by the Hungarian National Museum under the provenance of Botpalád. Being part of an incomplete hoard, I cannot rely on its reconstructed chronological positon (Mozsolics 1973,124; Kemenczei 1984,124, Taf. LVIIIe.3). Four very similar axes were also found in Transylvania, from the Ha Bl period: Cornejti, Josani, Onca Mure§ I, §pälnaca I (Petrescu-Dímbovita 1977, 128-129,135-136,142, PI. 233.22, PI. 305.3, PL 325.4; Ciugudean etal. 2010,17—19, Pl. VI.2). A similar design has also appeared on stray finds from the territory of Lviv oblast, Ukraine (Клочко-Козыменко 2017, Илл. 8) and Somotor, Slovakia (Novotná 1970, 75, Taf. 28.499). The axe from the Moravian hoard found in Sluzin was dated to a local chronological period correlates with the Ha Bl (Salas 2005,452, Tab. 421.2). Based on the clear chronological position of the fine parallels, the axe from Gönc can be dated to the Hajdúböszörmény horizon (Ha Bl).6

6 Secondary parallels of the object are somewhat different and show individual features. These can be found between the territory of Austria and Transylvania: Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Unprovenanced find from the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum (Mayer 1977, 185, Taf. 71.979-980), Nádudvar- Halomzug II, Nyírtura I (Mozsolics 2000, 57-59, 63, Taf. 56.15, Taf. 69.8), Moigrad I, Sämbäta Nouä II, Sämbriaj, Tárgu Secuiesc II (Petrescu-Dímbovita 1977,120-121, 144, 130-131, Pl. 284.7, Pl. 310.8, Pl. 356.5; Rezi 2010, 49, Pl. 3.5), D’jakovo VI, Muzievo, Obava II, Olesnik I (Korai.’ 2000, 80, 88, 90-91, Taf. 42.25, Taf. 64d.l, Taf. 65a.l, Taf. 87.5), Vel’ká Suchá (NovotnA 1970, 75, Taf. 28.498), Sambir (Zurowski

Tanged sickle (Cat. No. 6) (Plate 3. 6)

The sickle in question has characteristic central rib decoration and its exact form can be well-reconstructed with the aid of macroscopic observations. It was originally meant to be cast with straight base which was altered by a defect, making this part incomplete7 (Plate 7. 4). Tanged sickles with a similar central rib were classified by Ch. Jahn as his 120rh “Gussmarken” variant, which according to his lists appeared in various tanged sickles. Among these finds only two can be interpreted as close parallels of the Gönc find (Jahn 2013, 347—628, Tab. 9.2, III A type, Gusmarken Varianten 120). The first is part of an uncertain assemblage from Szentes- Terehalom, which is possibly a mixture of two hoards (Ha Al, Ha Bl) or even stray finds (Mozsolics 1985, 193-195, Taf. 224.11). The other specimen can be found in the hoard from Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod (Croatia) and was dated to the Phase II: Ha Al/Br D-На Al (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 217, Tab. 68.10; Karavanic 2009, 92). Based on the above, the Cat. No. 6 tanged sickle from Gönc can be associated with the Ha Al period, i.e. Kurd horizon.

Knobbed sickles (Cat. Nos. 15—16) (Plate 4. 15—16)

Both knobbed sickles represent the same LBA type (Cat. Nos. 15—16). Standard knobbed sickle with one inner rib. On the Cat. No. 16 the inner rib is less visible, as it has almost been fused with the outer rib as a results of a casting defect (Plate 7. 3).

Comparable finds were manufactured and deposited for a long period of time (Br В-Ha B2) in a vast territory between West and East Europe. To my best knowledge, three casting moulds can be associated with this certain type. One has been recently published by Judit Koós from the Muhi-3 kavicsbánya settlement of the pre- Gáva pottery style (Br D-На Al). Another is known from the region of Aszód (Hungary, Pest County) from the end of the 19,h century (Hampel 1877, Pl. XIV.12; Hampel 1886, V. tábla 4). The third was found in a Br C2 settlement in Rybnany, Bohemia, in a pit, along with 14 mould fragments and other metallurgic finds (Blazek-Ernée-Smejtek 1998, 149-151, Taf. 11.53).

The earliest specimens (Uzd hoard) from the territory of Hungary were dated to the Koszider horizon (Br B)

1948, 197-198, Tabi. VI.2). In most cases their dating can be placed between the Br D and На B2 periods, however their main time of deposition is again the Ha Bl.

7 For incomplete defects: Rajkolhe-Khan 2014, 378, 382.