Csengeri Piroska - Tóth Arnold (szerk.): A Herman Ottó Múzeum évkönyve 55. (Miskolc, 2016)

Régészet - B. Hellerbrandt Magdolna: A Gáva-kultúra települése Köröm-Kápolna-dombon

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B. Hellebrandt Magdolna

Other ornaments on pottery. A heavily burnt pot shard from feature no. 65 was decorated with wavy lines, arranged into three-four bundles, filling the space between the three vertical cordons on the pot’s belly (Fig. 54. 2). Bundles of wavy lines ornament the sooty sidewall fragments from the same feature {Figs. 54. 1, 3). Similar fragments were brought to light at Köröm during the 1969 rescue excavation (KEMENCZEI 1984, Plate CXLII. 7, 9), as well as at Somotorská hóra (PASTOR 1958, Plate IX) and Baks-Temetőpart (V. SZABÓ 1996, Fig. 12. 17). This form of decoration was widespread in the Gáva Culture (DANI 1999, 109—135). Another popular type of ornamentation used bundles of curvy lines on the inside surface of bowls, such as the one seen on Figs. 50. 1—2, Figs. 47. 1, 3, Figs. 55. 1, 5—6. The artifact from feature SNR Oil (Fig. 52. 1) was a fineware cup with a handle; here, rows of dots between three parallel bundles of arching lines embellish the object, with two S-shape incisions on the top. Similar ornamental arches and dots were observed under the handle of a vessel from Terna (BUDINSKY-KRICKA 1976, Fig 5. 25), as well as on a bronze mirror handle dated to the Scythian period, found at Miskolc-Sajópart (KEMENCZEI 2009,159, Plate 2).

Many of the bowls had bulgy knobs, e.g. a fragment from feature no. 22 (Fig. 55. 2). Similar protuberations were observed on cups as well (Fig. 44. 6). In some cases, the knob was pressed into the sidewall and the wall was damaged, as seen e.g. on a cup from house no. 20. In most cases, however, the surface was smoothened and there is no trace of applying the knob. A small pottery shard with a thin wall, found in feature no. 69, has four small knobs (Fig. 55. 3); these knobs were applied from the outside. Huge knobs with a recess on top were observed on artifacts from feature no. 77 and no. 61 (Figs. 55. 16, 20); the former is decorated with a herringbone pattern. Incised lines forming herringbone patterns decorate another fragment from feature SNR 004 (Fig. 55. 15), while this pattern is combined with cordons on shards seen in Figs. 55. 18—19, also brought to light from the same feature. On the skirt of an idol recovered from feature no. 22 of Biharkeresztes-Láncos major, an ornamental motif similar to the multiple herringbone pattern seen on the shard in Fig. 55. 19, was observed (V. SZABÓ 2002, Fig. 142. 2).

Large knobs with channels in-between and with impressions on top are seen on a vessel with conical neck (or, as it was formerly known, a Villanova-type urn) from Zajeziere (BAZIELICH 1984, Fig. 21). The latter artifact was published as a Gáva Culture element. The archaeological assemblage of Läpu j also featured pottery with impressed knobs (METZNER- NEBELSICK-KACSÓ-D. NEBELSICK 2010, Fig. 8. 3, 9).

A fragment from feature no. 70a of Köröm is decorated with bundles of lines that meet at the top (Fig. 55. 21). Incised patterns of such bundles are typical for the culture. Bundles of lines decorate the neck of a pot from feature no. 84 (Fig.

55. 4); there are triangle-shaped sections underneath, alternatingly filled with stripes and left empty.

A small bowl with an inverted wrapped turban rim (from feature no. 16, B. HELLEBRANDT 2015, Fig. 4. 6) was decorated with parallel dotted lines and vertical and horizontal sections between them. Triangle-shaped sections decorate a similar pottery fragment from Sopron-Kreutacker (JEREM et al. 1984, Fig. 17. 10). Another analogy, associated with the Lausitz Culture, was found at Nowa Huta-Pleszów (BAZIELICH 1978, Plate I. 5, 8). Oblique parallel lines, arranged into a bundle, were seen on the inside surface of a bowl from feature no. 23 (Fig. 55. 7). Ornaments similar to those seen in Figs. 55. 4, 7 are known from the region of Cáréi (NÉMETI 1984, Plate XV. 1), associated with the Gáva-Holihrady Culture. Crossing bundles of lines are seen on a shard from feature no. 5 (Fig. 55. 9) as well as on fragments from features no. 69 and no. 51 (Figs. 55. 11—12). A shard from feature no. 40 has zigzag patterns (Fig. 55. 10), while a net pattern was observed on the shard from feature no. 3 (Fig. 55. 8). A similar, incised net pattern was discovered on the neck of a small vessel with two handles, dated to the Scythian period, excavated at Szirmabesenyő (B. HELLEBRANDT 2001, Fig. 2. 14).

In some cases, the bottom of the vessel was divided into four parts which were left either empty, of were filled with perpendicularly oriented smoothed channels or lines (Fig. 44. 7, Fig. 47. 5, Fig. 48. 13, Fig. 55. 22). Analogies for the shard shown in Fig. 55. 10 are known, among other sites, from Divianky nad Niricou (VELIACIK 1991, Fig. 5. 3, Fig. 9. 14, Fig. 39. 12).

Spindle whorls, spindle weights. Abundant and manifold material evidence for weaving was brought to light at Köröm- Kápolna-domb. Feature no. 41 yielded an oblate spheroid-shaped spindle whorl (Fig. 56. 1), ornamented with three impressed rings around an oval applique. The object’s diameter is 3.1 cm, it measures 2 cm in depth, while the hole is 1 cm wide. The piece recovered from feature no. 58 is special (Fig. 56. 3), as it has a cartwheel-like shape and a jagged edge with rounded “cogs”. The diameter of the object is 3.5 cm. A heavy, biconical spindle whorl was found in feature no. 22 (Fig.

56. 6), with a diameter of 3.2 cm. The one discovered in feature SNR 020 has an elongated shape (Fig. 56. 4); it is 3.7 cm long with a diameter of 3 cm. Further spindle whorls were found in features no. 7, no. 16, no. 22, no. 32, no. 40 and no. 41.

Cartwheel-shaped spindle whorls came to light in various shapes, as it is seen in Fig. 56. The one from feature SNR 002 gradually widens to the middle (Fig. 56. 2), its diameter is 4 cm. A flattened spindle whorl is known from Sarkadkeresztúr- Csapháti (JANKOVITS 2004, Fig. 6. 3). Another spindle whorl with a slightly projecting middle part was recovered from Bracovce (BUDINSKY-KRICKA 1976, Fig. 6. 2, 4—5); this is analogous to the objects in Fig. 56. 5 and 11 from Köröm.