Csengeri Piroska - Tóth Arnold (szerk.): A Herman Ottó Múzeum évkönyve 55. (Miskolc, 2016)
Régészet - B. Hellerbrandt Magdolna: A Gáva-kultúra települése Köröm-Kápolna-dombon
A Gáva-kultúra települése Köröm-Kápolna-domb on 119 Similar objects were documented from Somotorská hóra (PASTOR 1958, Plate IV. 5), as well as from Vlaha Pad (NAGY— GOGÄLTAN 2012, Plate 17. 15). G. V. Szabó also included cartwheel-shaped spindle whorls in his list of object types (V. SZABÓ 2002, Fig. 38: Type XL. A). Spindle whorls ornamented with a spiral pattern, similar to the one shown in Fig. 56. 1, are known from the Scythian period, e.g. from Taktaszada (B. HELLEBRANDT 2001, Fig. 14. 6) or the cemetery of Szabadszállás-Józan (HORVÁTH 2001, cat. no. 264). Such artifacts were also present at Kiskőszeg (HUNYADY 1942—1944, Plate XXXIV. 9), which testifies to the continuation of this object type. Feature no. 30 yielded a spindle made of solid clay (Fig. 58. 4); this artifact is intact, its length measures 3.1 cm. The object found in feature no. 77 may also have served to wind up the thread (Fig. 58. 5). An object from feature no. 72 was also interpreted as a spindle (Fig. 58. 6). House SNR 042 yielded clay weights documented under the number SNR 059 (Figs. 62. 1—4); archaeologist Zs. Gallina interpreted these as weights for weaving looms. Seven of these were found in the house, close to each other (Fig. 22). G. V. Szabó also concluded that weights in the shape of truncated cones and pyramids must have been used in weaving (V. SZABÓ 2002, 54). Animal figurines. Such artifacts come to light frequently at sites associated with the Gáva Culture. Altogether 27 pieces were recovered at Köröm-Kápolna-domb, including intact and fragmented ones. They show uniformity in terms of working, and probably were made by the same person. In the house of feature no. 20, seven figurines were found, four of which are shown in Fig. 57. 1/1—2 and 4—5. The one in Fig. 57. 1/2 is a maned animal, probably a horse; this artifact is 5 cm long. The rest of the figurines represent dogs, bulls, and rams; their length varies between 3.6 cm and 4.8 cm. The object shown in Fig. 57. 1/3 came to light from feature no. 38. In general, the horns and legs of the figurines were damaged. The artifact from feature no. 30 probably represent a bull (Fig. 57. 4); the preserved left front leg is cylindrical and ends in a cone. Objects yielded by features no. 32 (Fig. 57. 5) and no. 22a (Fig. 57. 6) represent strong bulls or rams; their horns were not entirely preserved, the tail is directed downwards. The length of these latter objects is 5.5 cm and 3.7 cm, respectively. Probably ram figurines came to light from feature no. 77 (Fig 57. 2) and no. 83 (Fig. 57. 3); the horns of the latter are partly preserved. Further animal figurine fragments were recovered from features no. 8, no. 23, no. 26, no. 28, no. 30, no. 32, no. 41, no. 58, and no. 72. Animal figurines with legs similar to those observed at Köröm were found in the Carei region (present-day Romania) (NÉMETI 1984, Plate XVI. 4—7). The clay animal figurine with horns that bend downwards, shown in Fig. 57. 3, reminds one of a figurine from Teleac (HOREDT 1963, Fig. 6. 6). The animal figurines from Köröm are very similar to those presented by G. V. Szabó in his table of object types (V. SZABÓ 2002, Fig. 38: Type XLV. 28, 32). Dániel Gróh excavated almost 40 animal figurines from pits and cultural layers of the Late Bronze Age — Early Iron Age site of Visegrád-Csemetekert. He hypothesized that this is the westernmost example of the Eastern type animal figurines, and raised the possibility of a ritual place here (GRÓH 1984, 62-64). According to Carola Metzner-Nebelsick, such figurines come to light at settlements, and their use is associated with sacral activities. Based on their typology, animal figurines found in the Carpathian Basin are close to those recovered in the Dnieper Region (METZNER-NEBELSICK 1998, 395—397; V. SZABÓ 2002, 54). Judit Koós also hypothesized eastern ties in connection with an idol, a sheep figurine, and a fragmented horse figurine of unknown provenance, now stored in the archaeological collection of the Herman Ottó Museum of Miskolc (KOÓS 2011,159). Amulets. The clay object found in feature no. 20 can, in all probability, be identified as an amulet (Figs. 58. 1—2). The artifact is drilled lengthwise, and has two solid “arms” at the middle. It may have been worn suspended from a string. A shiny plate made of wild boar tusk of enormous size, brought to light from feature SNR 002, was probably also an amulet (Fig. 61. 1). The plate is smoothened on the backside, and the object was drilled not in the middle but on the thicker end so that it was in balance when hanging. It measures 13.3 cm in length and 2.3 cm in width. A smaller, similarly drilled wild boar tusk was discovered in house no. 20; this object is only 9 cm long (Fig. 61. 5). Both tusks must have been hanged and worn in a way that they formed a crescent shape. Wild boar tusks or fragments thereof were recovered during the 1969 excavation from section no. 5, as well as in 1996 from features no. 12 and no. 70, and in 2014 from feature SNR 039. Clams must have occasionally complemented the diet. Some shells were perforated, such as the one from feature no. 47 (Fig. 60. 13); this latter perforation is regular, circular, and has smooth edges. Feature no. 23 yielded ten shell fragments, with a rectangular perforation on one of them. Perforations were sometimes left unfinished. Feature no. 77 yielded nine shells, their length varies between 3.9 cm and 5.7 cm. Four of these were perforated, the holes measure 0.7—0.9 cm. Two are depicted in Fig. 60. 16—17. These shells had relatively thin walls, so they broke during perforation and were discarded. Drilled shells were probably worn as part of the outfit. Later, in the Halstatt Culture, kauri shells were worn in a similar manner (KEMENCZEI 2009, 91—92); such objects were recovered as grave goods from the Scythian cemetery of Kesznyéten (B. HELLEBRANDT 2001, Figs. 19. 2—3). Scythian and Celtic period cemeteries, such as Muhi-Kocsmadomb,
