Csengeri Piroska - Tóth Arnold (szerk.): A Herman Ottó Múzeum évkönyve 55. (Miskolc, 2016)

Régészet - B. Hellerbrandt Magdolna: A Gáva-kultúra települése Köröm-Kápolna-dombon

A Gáva-kultúra települése Köröm-Kápolna-dombon

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tern; its bottom is also omphalic {Fig. 50. 3). This object is 6.1 cm high. The bowl found in feature no. 26 (Fig. 50. 5), and another small one whose fragments were discovered in features no. 71 and no. 84 (Fig. 50. 8), had rims forming a wavy line. Similar rims have been documented from the sites of Somotorská hóra (PASTOR 1958, Plate I. 2—5), and Somotor (DEMETEROVÁ 1986, Plate VII. 6). In Romania, a pot with a similar rim was found at Vlaha Pad (NAGY—GOGÁLTAN 2012, Plate 17. 1). The shard found in feature no. 2 at Köröm (Fig. 50. 10) probably belonged to a small but deep bowl; its rim and neck are everted. The surface of this artifact is burnished, and the rotund belly is ornamented with vertical channels. This bowl is 4 cm high. As it is shown in Figs. 50. 1—7, 9—10, many of these small vessels are black on the inside.

The 2.9 cm long, cylindrical, drilled pottery fragment brought to light from feature no. 46 may have belonged to a biberon or feeding bottle (Fig. 58. 3). According to Clemens Eibner, such artifacts were in use in the eastern region of Central Europe (EIBNER 1973, 144—199). Further archaeological sites were added to Eibner’s list by G. V. Szabó (V. SZABÓ 2002, 53, Fig. 37: Type XXXIV. 28). The small biberon from Köröm may have been used the same way as the intact one found at Budapest-Békásmegyer (KALICZ-SCHREIBER 2010, 197, Plate 4).

Bowls with inverted, channeled, and impressed rims (e.g. Fig. 51. 7—8). On these artifacts, incisions on the outside surface are always directed from left to right. The shard in Fig. 51. 7 has a segmented rim, shaped by the right hand. The big bowl from feature SNR 053 has a broadly everted rim that almost forms an angle (Fig. 51. 8). It is embellished with channels directed from left to right on the outside, as well as a bipartite knob. This object is 21 cm high, and the circumference of the rim measures 36 cm. The shard from feature no. 71 is a belly and rim fragment (Fig. 51. 1—2). Another shard from the same feature has an inverted rim (Fig. 51. 3). There are incisions on the inside of the inverted rim. This piece is black and polished on the inside, the rim fragment is 4.2 cm long. A very similar piece was discovered in feature no. 74 (Fig. 51. 4); this bowl had a strongly inverted rim, polished black on the inside. A fragment from feature no. 71 has a slightly inverted, wrapped turban rim (Fig. 51. 5); this piece is also polished black on the inside, while its outside surface is stained, and decorated with sketchy incisions or brushes. The length of this rim fragment is 6.5 cm.

FLandle forms, knobs and perforations. Some of the vessels are equipped with long or short loop handles, or lug handles. The cup from feature SNR Oil (Fig 52. 1) is nicely ornamented on the inside. Fragments of a similar cup with a wider mouth came to light from feature no. 23 (Fig. 52. 3); the sidewall of this piece was pressed in when the handle was attached to the rim. Analogies are known from the sites Somotorská hóra (PASTOR 1958, Fig. 3) and Alba Iulia (LASCU 2012, Plate IV. 1-2).

Knobs made it easier to hold the pots; such protuberations are seen on Fig 42. 3 and Fig. 43. 6. Divided knobs appear frequently, e.g. on the small-sized pot from features no. 46 (Fig 43. 5) and no. 70 (Fig. 52. 13). Similar knobs have been documented from a settlement at Sebastovce (DEMETEROVÁ 1986, Plate IX. 4—6). The small bowl from feature no. 71 has a projecting knob under the rim (Fig. 52. 14); similar knobs were observed on the pots from feature SNR 023 (Fig. 52. 15) and no. 77 (Fig. 52. 16). A special knob that was created by pressing the sidewall outwards is seen on the belly of a large vessel brought to light from feature no. 18 (Fig. 42. 3). A pot fragment from feature no. 30 has an identically formed knob (Fig 53. 3); in this case, the channeling extends over the knob, following the curve of the sidewall, similarly to the bowl with an inverted rim from feature no. 41 (Fig. 53. 5).

Applique knobs with a hollow top surface were observed on fragments from features no. 60 (Fig. 55. 20) and no. 70 (Fig 55. 16).

Vertical channels on the pots may be interpreted as ornaments as well as features that made it easier to hold the pots (Fig. 42. 1; Figs. 53. 3-4; Fig. 54. 2).

Holes and rows of holes were observed on a number of fragments. In the case of small-sized pots these may have been used to hang them up. One such object was found at Köröm-Rétföld as a stray find; other examples were recovered from features no. 30, no. 50, no. 59, and SNR 043 of Kápolna-domb (Figs. 52. 6—10). The sidewall of a huge Scythian period vessel from Muhi-Kocsmadomb is also perforated (KEMENCZEI 2009, 40. t. 5). The small, globular vessel found in grave no. 108 at Békásmegyer was perforated under the rim; a rotund urn discovered in grave no. 150 has a hole on its neck, while another bowl from the same grave was drilled on its side (KALICZ-SCHREIBER 2010, Plates 52. 8; 67. 10; 7. 17). A vessel documented from Kaba-Bitózug was perforated on its side, and another fragment from the same site has four of these holes (V. SZABÓ 2002, Fig. 175. 4, Fig. 185. 2). A bottom fragment of a bowl, found in feature no. 6 of Muhi-3. kavicsbánya, shows six perforations arranged symmetrically around a central hole (KOÓS 2015, Plate 5. 3). In the latter case, the archaeologist took into consideration both practical and ritual reasons for perforating the bowl (KOÓS 2015, 146, footnote 19). It is worth to mention in connection with the theory on “the hole of the spirit” (L. NAGY 2012, 256, 268) that such perforations have long been known in Celtic assemblages, and restorer J. Z. Abonyi documented traces of rosin on vessels brought to light from graves that were unearthed at my excavations. One may conclude that these vessels played some role in rituals (HELLEBRANDT 1999, 95-96). Vessels perforated on their bottom were found at the Late Bronze Age sites of Tibava and Velyky Bereznyj as well (BUDINSKY-KRICKA 1963, Fig. 5. 1; 1976, Fig. 8. 1, Fig. 13. 1).