Csengeri Piroska - Tóth Arnold (szerk.): A Herman Ottó Múzeum évkönyve 55. (Miskolc, 2016)

Régészet - B. Hellerbrandt Magdolna: A Gáva-kultúra települése Köröm-Kápolna-dombon

A Gáva-kultúra települése Köröm-Kápolna-dombon

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A stubby pot with curved neck and everted rim is known from feature no. 30 (Fig. 43. 1). The artifact discovered in feature no. 46 (Fig. 43. 5) may also be classified as a pot. Other pots were brought to light from features no. 24, no. 51, and no. 63 (inv. nos. 99.36.2130; 99. 36.3157-3158; 99.36.3162; 99.36.3456; 99.36.3458).

The large cups with handles and interior ornamentation are decorative objects. It is a question whether these were ornamental objects used on special occasions. The cups shown in Fig. 44. 1—4 and 7—8 are very similar morphologically. Cups with a wide mouth and ornamented inside surface were found in features no. 63 and no. 30 (inv. nos. 99.36.3368 and 99.36.2358). The artifact discovered in feature no. 8 is also similar (Fig. 48. 13), as well as the one brought to light from feature no. 20 (Fig. 44. 5—6 = HELLEBRANDT 2015, Fig 4. 4). The latter object is ornamented with wavy and straight lines (B. HELLEBRANDT 2015, Fig. 4. 3), and has a braided rim and a channeled body. These handled cups have wide mouths of 15—22 cm in diameter, and are 6.4—10 cm high. They are usually brown on the outside, while their inner surface is black, polished and ornamented.

Flandled mugs, household pottery. The mug that came to light from feature no. 30 is ornamented (Fig. 45. 1). The one found in house no. 22 has similar decorative channeling (Fig. 52. 5) and a handle. A small pottery fragment from feature no. 40 shows oblique channel decoration (Fig. 48. 2). House no. 2 yielded a deep cup with a handle (Fig. 45. 2); its inner surface is ornamented by wavy lines that become straight at the bottom. The height of the object is 7.3 cm. An artifact similar in size but with a shorter neck and a less elaborate form was discovered in feature no. 28 (Fig. 45. 3). This one is 12.2 cm high. Fig. 45. 5 shows a mug from feature no. 63. Its body resembles the cup shown in Fig. 44. 1—2, although it is less bulgy and has a higher rim. It can be classified as a simple household mug. The mug from feature no. 51, however, has a special shape (Fig. 45. 4). This artifact is burnt red. A cup with cylindrical sidewalls, similar to those shown in Fig. 45. 4 and Fig. 47. 9, has been documented from Transylvania (CIUGUDEAN 1994, Fig. 5. 9—17). The mug from house no. 16 is barrelshaped, roughly formed (Fig. 45. 7). A similar object was found in house no. 20 (Fig. 45. 6), but the rim of the latter has a wavy line; it is 6.4 cm high. Simple household mugs with handles were also found in Alba Iulia (LASCU 2012, III. t. 11). The mug from house no. 70 (Fig. 45. 8) may be identified as a predecessor of handled mugs known from the Scythian era. A mug documented from Plesany has similarly shaped handles (DEMETEROVÁ 1986, III. t. 5, 7). Analogies for the artifacts shown in Figs. 45. 1, 3—4 were identified at the site of Diviaky nad Nitricou (VELIACIK 1991, Fig. 39. 1, 6, 14). A. Király hypothesized that household mugs were, in fact, small-sized versions of the large handled cups and pots. Handled mugs with both straight and rotund bodies are known from a burial at Tiszabura, in the Middle Tisza Region (KIRÁLY 2012, 7. t. 1-2).

A small, 3.3 cm high strainer was found in house no. 20 (Fig. 46. 1—2). The body was perforated from the inside; the external layer of clay scaled off around the small holes.

Feature no. 30 yielded a bowl with inverted rim (Fig. 46. 5). The two bowls from house no. 20 have short, slightly curved necks andprotruding shoulders (Figs. 46. 3—4, 6). The bottom of the bowl shown in Figs. 46. 3—4 was pressed from the outside and is concave on the inside. Its shape resembles that of the large vessel shown in Fig. 46. 6. A vessel found at the settlement excavated at Borsa may be cited here as an analogy for this shape (DEMETF.ROVÁ 1986, Plate I. 12). The strongly protruding shoulder resembles the more elongated pots of the Lausitz Culture (KUJOVSKY 1994, 7—8).

A thick rim and belly fragment from feature no. 64 probably comes from a household vessel (Figs. 46. 7—8). It is burnt and sooty, with a burnt substance on its inside surface which, in all probability, represents food remains, as the restorer Judit Z. Abonyi pointed out.

Farge bowls with internal decorations are shown in Figs. 47. 1, 3, 5. These are brown on the outside and polished black on the inside. Figs. 47. 1, 5 show objects from feature no. 61. Their rim is inverted, the rim bevel is decorated with incisions; their bottom is convex on the outside and concave on the inside, with a four-partite channel decoration. The lower segment of the inside surface is decorated with channels. Bowls from feature no. 61 (Fig. 47. 1) and no. 77 (Fig. 47. 3) are ornamented with incised floral motifs of six or four lines under the rim.

A large ornamented bowl was brought to light from house no. 10 (Fig. 47. 7). Its rim is broadly everted and is decorated with horizontal, smooth channels. Its bottom is convex and polished black on the inside, and brown on the outside. The rim is 73.5 cm long and 21 cm high. A fragment of another ornamented bowl with a similar rim was discovered in feature no. 40; in the latter case, the rim is decorated with incisions and, in the lower segment, smoothed channels.

Among the small household vessels one finds bowls with a pronounced foot, such as those from features no. 18 (Figs. 47. 6, 9) and no. 46 (Fig. 48. 12). Most of these have bulgy or slightly bulgy walls (for the latter, the burnt fragment from feature no. 18 is an example, see Fig. 47. 9). Similar household bowls were documented in the archaeological assemblage of Somotorská hóra (PASTOR 1958, Fig. 4. a—c). Bowls with slightly bent rims and rotund bodies were found in features no. 22, no. 20 and no. 18 (Fig. 47. 2, 4, 8), as well as in feature no. 53 (Fig. 48. 11). Analogies are known from Borsa (DEMETEROVÁ 1986, Plate 1. 10). The vessel from feature no. 26 is a deeper bowl (Fig. 48. 8), similar to that discovered at Plesany (DEMETEROVÁ 1986, Plate III. 7). Some of the bowls with rotund bodies have knob handles; such objects were found in features SNR 011 and no. 41 (Figs. 48. 9—10). The artifact shown in Fig. 48. 9 has a bottom that is concave