A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 43. (2004)
B. Hellebrandt Magdolna: A nyersanyagok hatása a vaskor és a császárkor településeire a Sajó és a Bódva vidékén
the east. Párducz even identified the centre of their production as the Gömör-Szepes Ore Mountains. 41 Kemenczei thought that the date of production was most probably the 6th century ВС. 42 Objects from the Scythian period (Figure 1. Indicated on the map with a filled rectangle) have been found at Szendrő-Temetődomb, Bánhorváti, and Sajószentpéter. 44-45 In the early 4th century ВС bands of Celts arrived from the west and conquered the original inhabitants of the region. Celtic sites (Figure 1. Indicated on the map with an empty square) have been found at Szendrő 46-49 , Szin, 50 Sajókaza-Ormospuszta, 51 and Edelény. 52 Finds of Celtic coins along the Sajó can also be added to the map (Figure 1. Indicated on the map with an empty triangle), Audoleon-type coins are known from the Miskolc area, the Bükkszentlászló find of coins and the coins found at Miskolc-Diósgyőr are of the cotinus type, and coins have also come to light at Sajókaza and Rimaszombat. 53 Karl Pink mentioned a Celtic coin from Fclsökclecsény, 54 although he wrongly placed the village in Tolna County. This is obviously an error since the Gazetteer of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown, published in Budapest in 1882, mentions 14 places called Kelecsény, all to the cast of the Garam River, that is, in the northern part of the country, and it described Felsőkelecsény as being in Borsod County. The presence of Celtic coins is logical, because they reached the mining region from Sajókaza, along the known route through Fclsőnyárád and Felsökelecsény. The Celts mixed graphite into the clay used to make certain types of pottery bowls. This ware was more heat resistant. Surface outcrops of graphite can still be found today towards Aggtelek, and at Szendrőlád, Edclény and Gadna. In the latter place the graphite is an attractive blackish-grcy, oily to the touch, it is mined on the surface using picks, for 2-3 m it is stained with iron ochre, but deeper down it is generally found to be purer. 55-56 In 1969-1970 the Central Geological Survey carried out exploratory research for graphite in the Szcndrő hills. 57 Local people at Szendrőlád told the researchers that they use the black earth to paint the footing of their houses, this is what put them on the trace according to the information given by Sándor Kovács. 58 The bed of the stream at the junction of the Helle stream and the Tóharaszti stream is covered with a thick phyllite rubble containing graphite. Here the lower section was made where the stream cut into the bank, in the steep bank on the south side, above the thick phyllite rubble (Figure 9). Legend: 1. Phyllite, 2. Siliceous limestone deposit, 3. Broken phyllite rubble showing restratification (Pleistocene), 4. Disordered compacted phyllite rubble, 5. Quartzite, 6. Quartzite rubble, 7. Loose phyllite rubble mixed with soil (Holocene), 8. Sampling place. The sample was 5 m wide, its height was approx. 1 m above the level of the stream at the edges, and the highest, 2 m, in the middle. The section was dug 0.5 m below the level of the stream. It was found that the solid rock was black, mainly shiny phyllite, with a slaty cleavage splitting into sheets of mm thickness, while the more massive variety cleaves into layers a few cm thick. They also examined the occurrence of manganic iron ore at Szendrőlád. 59 These raw materials were mined and used also by the people who lived here in the following centuries. In the Roman Imperial age barbarian peoples left large settlements in this region (Figure 1. Indicated on the map with a solid triangle). Sites: Domaháza, Hangony, Szentsimon, 60 Ózd, 61 Uppony, 61 " 64 along the Sajó at Sajópüspöki, Sajónémeti, Hét, Putnok, Sajógalgóc, 65 Kelcmér (Figures 10, 11), Szendrő 66 (Figure 12), Aggtelek, Jósvafő, 68 in a number of places pieces of slag have also been found. Naturally, a systematic survey of the region would discover new sites, but it is already clear from our map (Figure 1) that finds, settlements and fortifications from the Iron age and the Imperial Age are to be found all around the mining region, to the north of the Sajó valley, along the Keleméri stream and the Bódva, as well as along the smaller streams. Magdolna B. Hellebrandt 126
