Pásztor Emília (szerk.): Sámánizmus és természethit régen és ma - Bajai dolgozatok 23. (Baja, 2019)
Andrzej Rozwadowski: Varázslyukak: Átjárók a szellemek világába a szibériai sámánizmusban
Sacred holes: Portals to the world of spirits in Siberian shamanism Therefore, whatever shamanic function we imagine, it implied a need to cross the boundary of the mundane world to enter the world of spirits. Although this other world is unimaginable to us, the very places of entrances to this world were not purely abstract. In the following part of the article, we will see how this idea is represented in Siberian shamanic beliefs, and how this idea is reflected in the material culture - the matter of archaeologists' enquiry. Siberian beliefs Shamanic myths and stories found across various regions of Siberia show that that entrance to the otherworld was commonly associated with a kind of opening. It could be found in the ground, in the rock/ mountain, or even to be constructed, like in the case of the yurt (traditional tent-like dwelling) where such a function played the smoke-hole in the celling of the yurt (Figs 2, 3.1-3.3). Such beliefs are present in all sorts of ethnic traditions distributed across varied ecological zones. For example, the Samoyed peoples and Selkups of Uralic language family in north-eastern Siberia considered openings in the ground (also located in forests) to be entrances to the underworld (Maloney 2011,120-2; Prokof'eva 1976,112; Siikala 1992a, 104- 5). According to the mythology of the Paleo-Siberian Nivkh people in the region of the Amur River estuary in eastern Siberia, the underworld was accessed through a hole in the ground, such as a burrow (Pavlinskaya 2007, 25). In the tales of Chukchee people, who live in extreme northeastern Siberia and speak Chukotko- Kamchatkan language, we find stories about magic journeys to the upper levels of cosmos through holes, which enabled the shaman to go from one level to another (Bogoras 1902: 590). Chukchee also believed Fig. 1. This painting by contemporary Khakas artists Alexey L. Ulturgashev titled „Khakas shamanism" (90's the 20th century, 94x81 cm, oil on canvas) represents shamanic drum which is partly opened/pierced. The drum is like a portal to the other word - a blue sky can be seen through the opening in the instrument. In Siberian shamanism drum was actually very powerful symbol which helped shamans in their journeys through different layers of cosmos, often to the sky. Photo courtesy of S.G. Narylko. 1. kép. A kortárs hakasz művész, Alexey L. Ulturgashev, Hakasz shamanizmus c. festménye (90-es évek, 94x81 cm, olaj vásznon) sámán dobot ábrázol, amit részben megnyitottak / áttörtek. A dob átjáróként szolgál a a másik világhoz - a kék ég látható a nyílásán keresztül. A szibériai sámánizmusban a dob valójában nagyon erős szimbólum volt amely segítette a sámánokat utazásuk során a különböző kozmikus szintek között, gyakran az égben.. ^Sa*SS***********SS****^ 179
