Krónika, 1945 (2. évfolyam, 2-11. szám)
1945-09-15 / 9. szám
4-IK OLDAL "KRÓNIKA” 1945 szeptember 15. natural border is formed by 'the three mountain ranges spoken of, namely the Carpaths, the Sudeten and the Austrian Alps. These necessarity include Austria, Hungary, Bohemia-Moravia, Slovakia and Transylvania as a whole. 1 From the economic point of view, which deals with the obtaining of a saund balance between agriculture and industry, and a normal situation for the traffic, the economic Danubian area would include all the countries of Austria-Hungary, with the exception of Galicia, Bukovina, and Roumania. Finally from the cultural point of view, which considers a country as belonging to a cultural circle as are the Balkanic-pravoslav, the Western-Danubian and others, it is undoubted that all the countries of the former Austria-Hungary are members of this cultural unity, with the exception of eastern Galicia, certain South-Eastern parts, and Bosnia and Hercegovina. Thus the circle of the Danubian states is thoroubhly circum scribed as a whole. We must ngw look briefly into each separate case. A. AUSTRIA. Austria belongs undoubtedly to the Danubian area. Not only was it for a long time the very center of the cultural and political as well as financial life of this whole realm, it is even from the strategic point of view the keystone of the defense of eastern Europe against German penetration, as was shown by the events of 1938-1939. — The exiom of the European policy, that, he who holds Vienna, holds the whole Danube valley, is still valid. —- As for the attitude of the Austrian people, it is clearly Anti-German. The Austrians are absolutely ready to join a Danubian federation, which would mean for them the security against any future German aggression, and the securing of their national independence within a greater realm. — As to the frontier question — which are of less importance in a federation — the Austrian frontiers can remain as they were, with exception of a mutual agreement with Hungary concerning frontier regulations in the Burgenland, and the return to Austria of Southern Tyrol, a wholly Austrian-populated area, which was taken from this country and given to Italy after the world-war. B. HUNGARY. This country is located exactly in the center of the Danube valley, having thus the key-position of the whole economic and traffic system. It has further the great advantage of a 1000 years tradition of State-building, a solidly established administration, and a profoundly established democratic constitution- A Danubian solution without the collaboration of Hungary is therefore simply unthinkable. The Hungarian policy of the last 20 years was dominated Ky the problem of the revision of the peace-treaties, which were very unjust to this country. The truly Hungarian idea of the revision wa_§ not in opposition with the principle.of self-determination of nations* as the Hungarian asked only for those countries which undoubtedly wished to be incorporated in the Hungarian state, partly because they were of Magyar race, partly because they wished to secure for themselves the economic advantages of a union with Hungary. The frontier revision of November 1938 was of the former type; it gave Hungary the upper-Hungarian territories. The reunion of Carpatho-Ukraine with Hungary in March 1939 was of the latter. As for the last events, we shall speak about them presently. Hungary has not only three important questions left: the Hungarian parts left under Roumanian domination, the Hungarian parts in certain northern Jugoslav areas — the so-called triangle of the Baranya and the northern Banat, <— and an economic way to the sea, which last question is not a territorial one, but only an economic agreement. As for the disposition of Hungary to enter into a new Danubian organization, it has been quite openly declared. Hungary is ready to collaborate with all her Danubian neighbors on a basis of absolute equality and is ready to secure the national unities in her boundary, the equality' of rights in cultural, educational and linguistic matter. G BOHEMIA, MORAVIA, SILESIA. After defeat of Germany the gallant Czech people recovered its independence. There seems to be some doubt as to the future of the German parts of this area. From the point of view of the vitality of a constructive solution of the Danubian problem, there can be only one answer to this question: the so-called Sudeten- German area must be reunited anew with the Czech part. Should this not be the case, the Germans would again have a foothold within the natural boundaries of the CentralDanubian valley and could from this-position again take up their aggressive march eastwards. The territorial integrity of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia is a guarantee for all the other countries, as for example the independence of Austria is the necessary condition to the freedom of its northern neighbor. It is also at least possible that the application of the integrally national principle will permit a permanent appeasement of the Germans as well as of the Czechs. As tothe-position of the Czechs towards a Danubian close collaboration, it seems to be fairly positive, with the exception of some circles who have not yet learned the bitter lessons of the last years. This lesson is that the Czechs, as patriotic and courageous as they may be, can not stand alone in Europe. Their country is too small to resist alone. They will always have the fear of being either absolutely dominated by the Germans — in a political and an economic sense —- or they may preserve their independence within the boundaries of a Danubian collaboration, where, by the mere fact of the nearly equal strength of each nation, there can be no precedence of one above the others-D. SLOVAKIA. There is no doubt that the Slovaks are by economic and geographical reasons incapable of standing alone, without being included in a greater unity. It would therefore be the wisest solution to let the Slovaks decide for themselves whether they wish to join the Danubian reconstruction as an independent state, or whether they wish to join the Czechs or Hungarians. E. TRANSYLVANIA. The way by which the Axis powers have solved the Transylvanian question, can by no means be considered as fortunate. A geographical unity like,.Transylvania can not be divided eternally. This intention was not above all to satisfy the whole claims of Hungary, because this would have only strengthened Hungary in such a measure as to make the Hungarian nut more difficult to crack for Hitler in the future. Transylvania as a whole is inhabited by Roumanians, Saxons, and Hungarians- From the cultural point of view, as well as from the geographical one, it is a Danubian country. Throughout the last 1000 years Transylvania has always been a part of Hungary, with the exception of the last 20 years. It is undoubtedly true that Transylvania will always be a very difficult problem to deal with, so long as we can not conceive a typical Transylvanian solution. We have for this way a good historic precedent in the times of the Turkish wars: at this time Transylvania was an independent country economically, but military and politically united with Hungary. This means that Transylvania was part of Hu-Kilencvenedik Zsoltár A föld, mely később Éden kertje lett, nem volt sehol; még nincsen ez a lét, az ég, a hegy, a völgy, a fü, a rét... De Csillaglelked a vizek felett tudott már minket és mi fogvacogva Tebenned bíztunk eleitől fogva. / • Álmodban élt a föld. Forró színén a hűlő salak már életet csíráz s mig ifjú testét gyötri még a láz, megjelenik már ősapánk, a néma; még szót, se házat nem tudtunk magunknak: Uram! Téged tartottunk hajlékunknak. S álmodtál minket. A szegény, a gyarló ügyetlen embert, talpig veritek, titok a föld neki, titok az ég, mint küzködik! sem eke még, sem sarló ... él az ember, bár minden vélt anyag, mikor még semmi hegyek nem voltának. Az ember él, Uram! Él álmaidban, mikor a föld, hazája nincs sehol, nemrég a Napban csóva még, lohol alaktalan, de már az ember itt van, tükörképednek kivetül a tájra, hogy még sem ég, sem föld nem volt formálva. S az álom egyszer aztán testet ölt, benépesül úgy, ahogy Te akartad és termő lesz az egykor puszta parlag s külön világ a Napszilánk, a föld, de minden ember s minden élet itt lenn Te voltál és Te vagy örök Isten. Ki egyszer élt, az nem a földön él, vagy álma, vagy emléke, ó Uram! müvednek s Véled már egy dolga volt (mig ez a föld csupán múló szeszély, mint buborék, pattan a levegőben) és Te megmaradsz minden időben! Szegedi István.
