Külügyi Szemle - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet folyóirata - 2012 (11. évfolyam)
2012 / 1. szám - AZ "ARAB TAVASZ" ÉRTELMEZÉSI KERETEI - Tüske László: Az alattvaló és az állampolgár - Szempontok az "arab tavasz" egyiptomi fejleményeinek értelmezéséhez
Az alattvaló és az állampolgár 20 Ez a kétezres években megváltozott, amikor az alkotmány módosításával a rendszer lehetővé tette, hogy az elnökválasztáson több jelölt induljon. 21 Nathan J. Brown: „Post-Revolutionary al-Azhar". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http:// egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/10/01/post-revolutionary-al-azhar. Letöltés ideje: 2012. április 13. 22 „Al-Azhar and a Group of Egyptian Educated Elite Statement about the Future of Egypt". Egypt State Information Service, http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=56424 . Letöltés ideje: 2012. április 13.; Malika Zeghal: „The »al-Azhar Document«: Further Thoughts on al-Azhar in the Revolution". https://onislamandpolitics.wordpress.com/2011/09/01/the-al-azhar-document-further-thoughts-on- al-azhar-in-the-revolution/ , 2011. szeptember 1. 23 A vitákról 1. például: „Road to Civil State: Supra-Constitutional Test Balloon!!". Egyptian Chronicles, http://egyptianchronicles.blogspot.com/2011/ll/road-to-civil-state-supra.html , 2011. november 6. 24 „Egyptian Churches Embrace Al-Azhar Basic Freedoms Document". Egypt Independent, http:// www.egyptindependent.com/node/597791 . Letöltés ideje: 2012. április 13. 25 Aláa al-Aszváni: Imárat Jakubiján [A Jakubiján ház]. Kairó: Miret, 2002. Közel húsz utánnyomás, 2006-ban pedig filmadaptáció készült belőle. Több mint húsz nyelvre lefordították. Résumé The Subject and the Citizen Reflections on the Understanding of the Egyptian Developments of the Arab Spring The developments in the Arab world during 2011 were unexpected, yet, they showed that after the radical changes of the beginning long periods of conflicts follow, the outcome of which cannot be seen. It is increasingly said that the structural and ideological phenomena of the past two hundred years and the related practical measures should be analysed as an answer to the challenges of the economic-social modernization. The present article is built on the hypothesis that the changes collectively denoted as the "Arab Spring" will bring about the historical transition in the Arab world, and especially in Egypt, in the course of which people develop from the subjects of the traditional societies into citizens, who - as bourgeois individuals - create the democratic framework of the secular state as the territory of their national co-existence. In the following, therefore, the general characteristics of the political systems of the Arab countries are analysed, then the actors defining the 2011-2012 Egyptian political struggles are presented. Looking back from 2011 on the preceding two decades, one can say that the social, economic and cultural transition brought about by modernization has radically changed the views of the people and the political elites. While the authorities have tried to go on implementing its traditional policies towards its subjects, the public have established its own independent organizations and civilian life, in which the role of politics and religion are also discussed. The public, in many cases, have become participants in virtual elections, and thus have started to behave as citizens. And by that they have set the stage for the turn-about of 2011. 2012. tavasz 43
