Külpolitika - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata - 1990 (17. évfolyam)
1990 / 2. szám - H. Fekete Attila: A második világháború utáni Albánia
National Liberal Party were drived into opposition and in consequence of the cold war turn of 1947 were dissolved under the introduction of the Soviet- type regime. The Romanian communist system followed the Stalinist road until the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1958. Between 1958 and 1965 Gheorghiu-Dej could only succeed in preserving the old Stalinist line by planting the national element into the ideology the regime referred to. This on the other hand meant opposing the Soviet Union which under the auspices of Khrouschev was in the process of renovating her policy with the wish to break with the Stalinist period. Nicolae Ceausescu, continuing the policies of his predecessor, acquired dictatorship between 1965 and 1974. His policy was based on overstressing the national feelings and on emphasizeing external (namely Soviet and Hungarian) dangers. This political fear in the Romanian society has hindered for a long time the eruption of despair felt over the unprecedented social impoverishment caused by the forced industrialization. And as for the West it has for a long time supported Romania on political and economic fields because it has been considered to be a „plague” for the Soviet Union. The inside and the outside pillars of the regime faltered between 1975 and 1989. The mass encroachment on human rights, the dazzled tyranny’s fearful terror-apparatus, the drastic policy to liquidate debts of the state after the rescheduling crisis in 1981—82, the unprecedented concentration of power in the hands of a single family — all that led in December 1989 to an explosion experienced by the Romanian masses as a national revolution. Lajos Arday: Yugoslavia’s Post-War Rebirth and Her Situation-Today In 1948—49 Yugoslavia broke only with Stalin but not with Stalinism and this fact determined the country’s political and economic development till the recent past. At the time of the cold war survival has been made possible only by the material and military assistance of the Western powers (Yugoslavia got between 1951 and 1954 nearly 480 million US dollars in form of economic aid only). The West aimed namely — besides the strengthening of the country and the enhancing of her attractiveness — at the disrupting of the European communist countries’ unity and at the encouragement of a self-supported policy on their part opposing Moscow. Besides the well-organised internal security organs and the strong army the stability of Tito’s regime was increased by several other factors too: the introduction of the selfmanagement and representation system; the return to individual farming; the economic reform of 1965 with certain elements of market and private economy and with the possibility to be employed abroad; the constitution of 1974 securing greater independence for the republics and the territories and last but not least the incontestable prestige of the leader at home and abroad. The causes of the economic and social crisis ever deepening since the end of the 70s correspond for the most part to the situation witnessed in the other socialista countries of the region: the party and state leadership established on the ground of merits acquired in the war and on political reliability didn’t recognize the necessity of structural change, of modernizing and of adjusting to the world market. Further causes were the excessive ties to the Soviet and the socialist market which absorb everything' but are lesser exacting; the support granted to the developing (non-aligned) countries exceeded our own forces. To all that we have to add some Yugoslavian characteristics: the enforcement of contradicting interests of the republics and territories which has led to parallel capacities and to the formation of eight self-supporting economic unit; the failure of the stabilization programmes mainly because of the federal government’s weakening; the relatively high defence spending and the Albanian-Serbian conflict over Kosovo unresolved since 1981. The democratization process started in 1988 is proceeding successfully first of all in the two developed North- Western republics: the endeavours of the Markovic-government for curbing IV
