Külpolitika - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata - 1990 (17. évfolyam)
1990 / 2. szám - H. Fekete Attila: A második világháború utáni Albánia
inflation and for turning to market economy have been successful hitherto. It’s only to be hoped that the same process will prevail in Serbia too where — in the Voivode — more than 90 per cent of Hungarians in Yugoslavia live. László Szentmiklósi: „Perestroyka” and „Glasnosty” in Bulgaria The study provides an opportunity to examine the epoch of Bulgarian reorganization and openness and partly the events of the short period after the fall of Todor Zihvkow too. The glorification and the imitation of the initial period of the Gorbatchowian policy, of the Soviet perestroyka and glasnosty — even their overbidding, namely the Zhivkowian leadership didn’t allege less than that the reorganization, the positive changes have been continuously on the agenda since thirty years, since 1956 — run out of steam with the reformrethoric of the political elite in Bulgaria. The household around Todor Zhivkow — realizing in part the necessity of changes and their urgent character — undertook a delaying manoeuvre not dealing with the heart of the matter the aim of which was to win time to save their power and to survive the Gorbatchowian policy. In order to attain this aim Todor Zhivkow declared a sham-democracy, held plenary sessions of the Bulgarian Communist Party’s Central Committee in series and there he generously renounced — in priciple — some of his privileges. At the same time he artificially stired nationalism and chauvinism in order to hide the responsability of the power in connection with the deterioration of the inner situation. The soberer political personalities were drived to the periphery and Todor Zhivkow personally got rid of those who found the changes unadequate or who protested against the falsehood and hypocrisy of the „renewal and openness” proclaimed by him. The study goes over Bulgaria’s political, economic and cultural life from 1985 till the middle of December 1989. It points out the Balkan-like, Byzantine instruments and methods of the Zhivkowian policy, further it backs up with data the economic decline of the studied period, the tendencies that led to the already announced insolvency as well as the decaying elements and traits of the country’s cultural and spiritual life. The overall euphoria felt after the fall of Todor Zhivkow in November 1989 soon turned to disillusionment on the part of the masses because they realised in a short time that the fail of the leader number one lid by far not mean the automatic establishment of democracy without an attribute, the breakdown of the party-state and the formation of a pluralistic society with a multy-party system. The Bulgarian society is at present fighting for the realization of those aims. Attila H. Fekete: Albania After the Second World War Albania has entered by today the period of gradual transformation and „liberalisation” of Stalinism accompanied by a control from above but at the same time felt in an increasing manner in every field of the economy and the intellectual life. At the same time the Albanian leadership still hasn’t broken with several of its former conceptions and its pragmatic efforts aimed at modernisation of the country have yet remained inside the continuity udjusted to Enver Hoxha. Albania hasn’t yet began with the revaluation of the past. The obvious aim of the leadership is to maintain the unbroken political line by a modernisation through central control and to hinder an earthquake of Eastern-Euro- pean style and the eruption of mass social discontent. All the preventive measures introduced up to now — the relatively substantial improvement of the population’s supply, the formation V
