Hidrológiai Közlöny 1977 (57. évfolyam)

1. szám - Mátrai István: A magyar vízügyi nagylétesítmények és a Vízminőségszabályozási Mintaterületek Project

16 Hidrológiai Közlöny 1977. 1. sz. Mátrai István: A magyar vízügyi nagylétesítmények domestic supply industrial supply irrigation water fish ponds total 47 cu .m/sec 145 cu.m/sec 229 cu .m/sec 11 cu. m/sec 432 cu.m/sec It should be noted that round 85 per cent of the industrial water demand is for cooling purposes. When considered as the average for the country, the total demand of 432 cu.m/sec is reassuring, as it amounts to no more than about one-fifth of the available surface- and subsurface supplies. However, when considering the surface supplies of the Danube and the Tisza River separately, it will be observed that whereas the supplies of the Danube are engaged to about 10 per cent only, those in the Tisza Valley are no more sufficient in dry years to cover even the present demands. This is the reason prompting the successive development of barrages and storage opportunities in the Tisza Valley, the realization of the multi-purpose barrages on the Danube and in the more distant future, the establishment of a cooperating Danube

—Tisza Valley system by the construction of a multi-purpose Danube

—Tisza Canal. In the Tisza Valley water resources system two barrages have been completed thus far, the one at Tiszalök in 1954 and that at Kisköre in 1973. In the ultimate stage of development the latter will permit 400 million cu.m water to be stored by channel impoundment in the near future. By the construction of the next barrage at Csongrád the canalization of the central section of the Tisza River will be completed. The reservoirs above these barrages will meet most of the demands for irrigation water in the July

—August period. The complex development of the barrages on the Danube will greatly contribute, besides power and navigation benefits, to augmenting the supplies in the Danube, since after the completion of the barrages it will be no more necessary to retain in the channel the obligatory flow of 1050 cu.m/sec specified for navigation over the Hungarian Danube section, so that important supplies will become available for other purposes as well. The barrages existing and contemplated on the Danube and the Tisza River, the Danube

—Tisza Canal envisaged and the areas of major water uses are indicated in Fig. 1. In the future, the Danube

—Tisza Canal will transfer a considerable volume of water from the Danube, to alleviate the water shortage in the Tisza Valley. This multipurpose canal will further permit the traffic of 1500 ton vessels and serve thus the interests of water transport, as well as the diversion of irrigation water, the removal of excess surface water and will contribute to industrial development in the area affected. The important diversions are accompanied by growing pollution in the recipients. The greatest water volumes on an annual basis are consumed by industry, the present value being round 5 thousand million cu.m. The development of irrigation farming entails greater hazards of non-concentrated, regional pollution. Consequent from the water resources management situation outlined briefly in the foregoing, pollution- and water quality control assumes added importance in Hungary. In order to protect the recipients from pollution, a variety of measures have been promulgated since the middle of the past century. The construction of sewage treatment plants has been made obligatory in 1958. An important step foreward was the Government Decree No. 1/1971, which has provided appropriate sanctions, namely sewer rates and sewage fines, while more recent orders have introduced limit values for the effluents discharged in the interest of more effective pollution control. The pollution fine has been made progressive and instead of the effluent discharged, the pollutant content thereof has been adopted as the basis of fining. For surveying the sources of pollution systematical data collection work has been conducted for the past 15 years by the Water Quality Inspectorate of the Water Resources Centre (VIKÖZ) under the guidance of the National Water Authority, with cooperation by the competent district water authorities. The water quality situation in the surface recipients is indicated on the water quality maps issued annually since 1967. These maps have been compiled by observing the "Recommendations" entitled "Uniform water quality criteria and standards, principles of classification" and adopted in 1960 by meeting of Water Administration Leaders of CMEA. According to these recommendations the surface waters are classified into four quality classes

: I. Clean 11. Slightly polluted III. Polluted IV. Heavily polluted The quality of the water is indicated in the maps by coloured bands along the rivers, based on a) oxygen household, b

) mineral content and c) special indices. The water quality state in 1973 in the Sajó River, one of the most highly polluted streams in Hungary is shown in Fig. 2, indicating also the connecting section of the recipient Tisza River and the reservoir upstream of the Kisköre Barrage. Based on an order of 1966 by the National Water Authority, the quality of waters has often been classified also according to the water uses. These maps display also the abundance of flow in the streams, by showing the streamflow rate of 85 per cent duration in August. The water quality is again represented by four categories, grouped according to municipal-, industrial-, irrigation- and fishery uses. Colour codes, bands and other notations are used. The major effluent discharges are also entered into the maps, indicating the concentrations of organic, inorganic and toxic substances.