Csiffáry Gergely: Manufaktúrák és céhen kívüli ipar Heves megyében - Tanulmányok Heves megye történetéből 14. (Eger, 1996)
GERGELY CSIFFÁRY: MANUFACTURES AND OTHER NON-GUILDSYSTEMATIC INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN HEVES COUNTY
time, this factory was closed down as well. But, at the end of the 19th century two very important sugar-factories (Hatvan, Selyp) were established and still exist today. In the tobacco processing industry, two works existed for a short period of time. One was a cigar factory and the other was a snuff making works. In spite of having ancient traditions of growing tobacco in Heves county, the major reason of their foundation was to supply the demands of soldiers temporarily put up in the county. At the end of the 19th century a tobacco factory in Eger (which is still operating) was founded to accommodate national demand. This caused the future of industrial-sized tobacco processing. Beer brewing traditions dated back to the 16th century. There were 34 breweries in the county of which 75 % were established by the church and the remaining 25 % were established partly by manorial estates and partly by capitalists. The reason why brewing was such a long running industry was that it was a good business to pursue and in the mundane estates breweries and spirit-works, the pubs with guest-houses and also the farms, formed one big productive unit. After 1860 beer-brewing entered the capitalist era, so the small and middle-sized breweries were closed down. Also the vine-monoculture made it improbable for a beer factory to be opened. Moving on to the printing industry; there was only one v officina' called the Bishoprical and Arch-bishoprical printing works of Eger. It was founded in 1755, and operated for a 195 years. As it was the only printing- works in this territory, until the foundation of the printing-works in Gyöngyös, it grew out of the borders of the county. In the capitalist era there were several printing-works established. Paper industry had no traditions dating back to the Middle-Ages. Only at the end of the 18 lh century and at the beginning of the 19th century were there several paper mills established due to the increasing paper consumption. We know about 3 paper-mills, one of which belonged to the church, the other 2 were owned by manorial owners. The productivity of the paper-mills of Bélapátfalva and Szilvásvárad was one-third of the standard, because they were situated by brooks (and not by rivers ) of which the water-level varied every season. Before the capitalist era, these paper-mills were all closed down because of the undeveloped technique they used. There were 6 textile manufacturers working from the 18 l h-19th century, but the rest of them went bankrupt within a few years. The one in Hatvan was assisted by the Grassalkovich estate for 25 years. The one owned by the Orczy family in Gyöngyös, was to support the army during the French wars. This branch of industry didn't become capitalised. Iron and metal-processing had also inherited traditions from the Middle-Ages, (e.g. smith shops and foundry in the castle of Eger). They were to help firearm 381
