Csiffáry Gergely: Manufaktúrák és céhen kívüli ipar Heves megyében - Tanulmányok Heves megye történetéből 14. (Eger, 1996)

GERGELY CSIFFÁRY: MANUFACTURES AND OTHER NON-GUILDSYSTEMATIC INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN HEVES COUNTY

19th century. Stone and millstone mining began in the Middle-ages, but industrialsized mining started only in 1849 and more so in 1867 due to the building of railways and roads. There was only one leather-processing manufacturer in Heves county, established in Eger and operated for half a century. Due to the lack of capital it couldn't expand so it closed down. Another reason for its closing down was that there wasn't sufficient animal raising in the county. Instead the manufacturing of leather was reborn and taken over as a small scale industry which used traditional methods. There were two Wedgwood producing manufacturers in the 19th century. One in Szilvásvárad which was owned by a manorial estate and operated until the end of the 1840's. The one in Bélapátfalva was built by priests and operated until 1928. It was closed down as a factory at about the same time as other factories in the country, due to the lack of the competitive mineral feldspar that the Austrians and Bohemians had. Brick making had also inherited traditions from the middle ages. In the examined era, 37 brickworks existed, and were partly owned by the church and partly by manorial landlords. Many brick-works operated for a long time as a result of generalconstruction pursued at that time. The building of archways (which were one of the dominant features of the baroque style) needed a lot of bricks and it was a cheap building material. Kilns were used for a long period of time, partly due to building and to the abundant quarries of clay, and also because capitalisation of this branch of industry came into existence only after 1885. One-fifth of our brick-works established in early modern times were still operating in 1883 and one-sixth of them worked for several more decades. One of which is still operating in Eger. Between 1849 and 1945 there were 30 more brick-works operating in this territory. Concerning the glass-industry; the existence of 13 works can be proved. Ten of them existed in the Mátra and 3 of them in the Bükk. The rest of the glass-works were closed down before 1850, only the one in Párád became a factory. This glass-factory is still operating today, which can be explained for several reasons: the basis of the estate, the demand on the market, which was based on the bottling of 'csevice', and on producing special pharmaceutical and chemical glasses. Continuous technical development and the development of transport were also responsible. After 1920, in the new country's boundaries there were only 7 glass-factories which also played an important part in making the glass-factory of Párád so significant. There was only one sugar-fabric industry in that time, which only had a market during the continental blockade of the Napoleon wars, so it soon went bankrupt and was closed down. There was a starch factory which existed for more than 50 years as a result of war, this was one of Hungary's earliest starch-factories. This factory exported many of its products. Because of the more favourable investing facilities that capital had at that 380