S. Mahunka szerk.: Folia Entomologica Hungarica 64. (Budapest, 2003)

generally more specific to a particular plant taxon than they are to a given host gall-inducer. Many species of the inquiline oak gall wasp genera Ceroptres and Synergus are known from a wide range of host cynipid galls (Askew 1984, Nieves Aldrey & Pujade Villar 1985, 1986, Pujade Villar & Nieves Aldrey 1993, Pujade Villar & Ros-Farré 1998a, b). There are exceptions - some species in the inquiline oak gall wasp genus Saphonecrus have narrow host ranges (Pujade Villar & Nieves Aldrey 1990). Systematically the inquilines were either placed in a separate subfamily of Cynipidae (Hartig 1840, Ashmead 1903), or included in the Aylacini (Roskam 1992), or lumped together with the gall inducers (Weld 1952, Eady & Quinlan 1963). Recently they were placed in a separate tribe Synergini, in between other 5 tribes of gall inducers within Cynipinae subfamily of Cynipidae (Ronquist 1999). There are two competing hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of inquiline cynipids, which are debated in details in Ronquist ( 1994), but most likely inquiline cynipids in the tribe Synergini are derived from lineages of gall-inducing cynipids within the basal, paraphyletic tribe Aylacini. Inquiline cynipids have a worldwide distribution, but the majority are found in the Holarctic region (Table 1). There is also one other inquiline genus, Rhoophilus Mayr, 1881 known from South Africa only, with the only one described species, R. loewi Mayr, 1881. It was originally described as a gall-inducer in galls on the leaves of Rhus lucidum L., but its morphology places it firmly within the Synergini inquiline tribe (Ronquist 1994, Weld 1952). It is possible that Rhoophilus loewi, in spite of its taxonomic identity with cynipid inquilines, is able to induce galls, although it is perhaps more Table 1. The world distribution and species richness of j genera within the inquil ine tribe Synergini. World genera Host galls W E N & S world PalaePalaeAmerica wide arctic arctic Ceroptres Hartig, 1840 Oak cynipid galls 2 2 16 20 Saphonecrus Dalla Torre & Oak cynipid galls 5 5 4 14 Kieffer, 1910 Synergus Hartig, 1840 Oak cynipid galls 26 6 57 89 Synophrus Hartig, 1843 Oak cynipid galls 3 3 Periclistus Foerster, 1869 Rose galls 2 2 7 11 Synophromorpha Ashmead, 1903 Diastrophus galls on Rubus 1 4 5 Total 38 17 S8 142