Folia archeologica 54.
Kocsis László - Mráv Zsolt: Egy késő római sisak arcvédő lemezének töredéke Dunafalváról (Bács-Kiskun megye)
254 ANDREJ M. BELAVIN-NATALJA В. KRILASZOVA be explained by the lack of artistic skills among Uralian and western Siberian craftsmen, but rather by different strands of tradition which can be traced from prehistory to our own age, in which the portrayal of human and other figures had strict rules. It is not mere chance that a remarkable similarity can be noted in the style of art ranging from metalwork to rock engravings, bone and woodcarving in the vast territory between the Upper Ob region and the upper reaches of the Kama, a territory mainly peopled by Ugric groups. It was earlier believed that the silver vessels found in the western Urals and western Siberia had been produced in Volga Bulgarian workshops. More recent studies by Fedorova, K. A. Rudenko, A. M. Belavin, Yu. A. Podosenova and others have shown that there were several goldsmithing workshops active in the Perm region and, possibly, in western Siberia too. These workshops represented a distinct technological tradition. Some of the craftsmen working in these workshops had undoubtedly learnt the tricks of their trade in Volga Bulgarian workshops and it is also possible that some Bulgarian goldsmiths had actually worked in these workshops. The metalwork turned out by these workshops leaves no doubt that contact between the goldsmiths and their customers was much more personal than earlier assumed and that these contacts were direct, not mediated by Bulgarian and other merchants. 2 7 Fedorova has argued that the vessels of the Hungarian-Uralian group had been made in Magna Hungaria, in the southerly regions of the western Urals. 28 Baulo believed that the Synya vessels were produced by an Ugric craftsman who had spent his apprentice years in a Volga Bulgarian workshop, but whose works were conceived in the spirit of the traditions of Uralian mythology. 2 9 Relics of this metalwork, probably made by Ugric craftsmen in one of the Permian workshops, are known from the Rozhdestvenka site, as well as from the fortified settlements at Adyukar and Indakar. Another interesting feature of the Perm pouch plate is that it had been secondarily re-used as a funerary mask. The use of funerary masks is a typical f eature of ancient Uralian funerary rites. 3 0 The face of the deceased was covered with a shroud onto which the mourners placed a silver or, more rarely, a golden mask, coins or mounts. In some cases, simple metal plaques were sewn onto the shroud. In the 6th9th centuries, funerary masks covering the entire face and simple metal eye and mouthpieces were both used. The earliest pieces are known from the Harino burial mounds in the Perm area and the Komi Republic. Later examples can be quoted from the Lomovatovo cemeteries, and a few pieces have also been reported from Bashkyria. Funerary eye and mouthpieces have also been recovered from the 10th century burials of the Hungarian Conquest period; the burial ground at Rakamaz, for example, yielded golden finds of this type. 3 1 Masks described as half face masks by E. P. Kazakov made their appearance in the 9 l h century. 3 2 These masks were actually funerary masks cut in half, with the upper part covering the eyes and the nose, and the lower part the mouth and the chin. The transitional forms between the two2 7 FJODOROVA 2003, 147. 2 8 FJODOROVA 2003, 141. 2 9 BAULO 2004, 57. 5 0 KAZAKOV 2001, 160; BELAVIN-KRILASZOVA 2008. 3 1 DIENES 1963; FODOR 1973; 1982. PL. XI.) 3 2 KAZAKOV 1968, 230-239.
