Folia archeologica 27.

István Fodor: Az uráli és finnugor őshaza kérdése (Régészeti áttekintés)

THE URALIAN AND FINNO-UGRIAN ORIGINAL ПОМЕ 157 Proto-Hungarians resp. Early Hungarians. It is much more likely that the population of these cultures is to be regarded as the ancestors of the Permians and partially of the Finno-Ugrians of the Volga region.

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9 The thesis, formed by Almgren, according to which the population of the Neolithic Comb-Marked Pottery culture, spreading from Scandinavia to the Ural resp. to the Ob, was Finno-Ugrian, has till our days many adherents among Esthonian and Finnish archaeologists. They connect this notion with the traditional theory of a Volga-Kama original home by presuming an early - Mesolithic dissolution of the Finno-Ugrian family of languages, which, in their opinion, would give a sufficient explanation for the question how East European FinnoUgrians, producing the earliest pottery, could hold such vaste areas. Besides the archaeologists

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0 a significant part of the linguists (the Esthonian P. A. Aris te,

51 the Finnish Itkonen,

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2) ethnologists and anthropologists (The Finnish K. Vilkuna,

53 the Esthnonian K. Mark,

5

1

) are adherents to this notion. We have no scope here for stating the ideas - otherwise very close to each other - of every archaeologist, we advert only very briefly to the theories of H. Moora, L. Jaanits and C. F. Meinander. In the opinion of H. Moora the ancestors of Baltic Finns lived already in the second half of the third millennium B. C. in the eastern Baltic, to this time the dissolution of Finno-Ugrian unity must have been, consequently, practically finished. He thinks it possible that the evolution of the main Finno-Ugrian linguistic groups began as early as the Mesolithic Age (tenth to fifth millennia B.C.), when the peopling of the forest zone of eastern Europe was established. To this area immigrants from two directions would have arrived: from S-SW and from East, from the Ural and West Siberia. This latter population was, according to him, Mongoloid, while the immigrants from the South Europoid. The amalgamation of the two populations resulted, on the central and southern regions of the 4

9 Getting

, V. F., Istorija naselenija Udmurtskogo Prikam'ja v p'janoborskuju epohu. I. VAU 10(1970) 195 -209.; Wladykin

, W.E., Acta Ethn. 21(1972) 239-244. with literature. ; Arhipov, G. A., Marijcy IX-XI. vv. (JoSkar-Ola 1973) 87-91, 100-107.; Fodor, I., Arch. Ért. 100(1973) 289. 5

0 Following Almgren the Finnish scholar J. Ai/o became an adherent of this theory. According to him in the Stone Age the inhabitants of the area spreading from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Ural and from the Arctic Ocean to Central Russia were Finno-Ugrians: Die Dauer der Steinzeitkultur in Norden. In: Opuscula archaeologica Oscari Montelio septuagenario dicata. (Stockholm 1913) 18. His theory was developed later by A. Ayräpää, who added the hypothesis that the Finno-Ugrians of the Kammkeramik would be descendants of the Mesolithic Kunda culture: Die ältesten steinzeitlichen Funde aus Finnland. ActaA 31(1950) 41.; Id., Kulturförhallendena i Finland före finnarnas invandring. SMYA 52(1953) 95-98. The archaeological material, intended for an evidence, was published by C. F. Meinander : Die Kiukaiskultur. SMYA 53(1954); Id., Die Bronzezeit in Finnland. SMYÁ 54(1955). In his works, based on a racial theory, G. Kossina regarded the population of the Kammkeramik as Finno-Ugrians: Die Indogermanen. Mannus Bibl. 26. (Leipzig 1921) 58-61. Its critic see: László, Gy. Őstörténetünk ... 81. 5

1 Ariste, P. A., Formirovanie pribaltijsko-finnskih jazykov i drevnejsij period ih razvitija VEIEN. (Tallinn 1956) 5-27. 5

2 Itkonen, E., Die Vorgeschichte der Finnen aus der Perspektive eines Linguisten. UAJb 32(1960) 2-42. 5

3 Vilktma, K., När kommo östersjöfinnarna tili Baltikum? Folk-Liv, 12-13. (Stockholm 1947-48) 15-43. Cf. Korompay, В., op. cit. 10-11. 5

4 Mark, К., Zur Herkunft der finnisch-ugrischen Völker vom Standpunkt der Anthropologie. (Tallinn 1970) 90,105.