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BIBLIOGRÁFIA Апресян, IO. Д. (1967): Экспериментальное исследование семантики русского глагола. Москва Chafe, W. (1970): Meaning and the Structure of Language. Chicago, London Chomsky, N. (1971): Deep structure, surface sturcture, and semantic interpretation, in Semantics. Eds. D. D. Steinberg — L. A. Jakobovits. Cambridge Frazer, B. (1970): Idioms within a Transformational Grammar, in Foundations of Language, No 1 Katz, J. J.-Postal, P. M. (1963): Semantic interpretation of idioms and sentences containing them. M. J. T. Research Laboratory of Electronics, Quarterly Progress Report No 70 Lakoff, G. (1971): On Generative Semantics, in Semantics. Eds. D. D. Steinberg-L. A. Jakobovits. Cambridge Lakoff, G.-Ross, J. R. (1967): Is Deep Structure Necessary? Mimeo. Makkai, A. (1972): Idiom Structure in English. Mouton, The Hague, Paris. Виноградов, В В. /1946/: Основные понятия русской фразеологии как лингвистической дисциплины. Й сб-е Труды юбилейной научной сессии Ленинград. /1972/: Русский язык. Москва Шахматов, А. А. /1925/: Синтаксис русского языка, вып. I. Ленинград Wood, F. Т. (1970): English Verbal Idioms. London. On the Place of Idioms in Transformational Grammar В

Y DR. ISTVÁN SZABÓ This paper is devoted to the problem of how idioms should be treated and described in transformational grammar. A sketchy review of basic literature written on the matter so far and a succinct analysis of the very notion „idiom" occupy the first pages. Several important points are made here: firstly, idioms differ from non-idiomatic wordcombinations in that their meaning is not the sum-total of their constituents, i. е., their interpratation does not follow the pattern of Katz and Fodor's projection rules; secondly, many idioms contain semantically incompatible concatenations of words thus not conforming to Katz-Fodor's selection restrictions, and - because they do function as meaningful units in natural language - the criterion of meaningfulness and interpretability laid down by Katz and Fodor and declared universal must be declared invalid; thirdly, idioms have different degrees of frozenness; and, forthly, this fact poses a serious problem for those linguists who claim that optional transformations apply automatically to all kernels. An attempt to classify the idioms of English according to their transformational deficiencies is the next step; finally, we set forth our hypothesis concerning the causes of the various degrees of frozenness: we hypothsize a dependence between the degree of transformability and the degree of figurativeness: The greater the figurativeness expressed by the given idiom, the lesser the degree of its syntactic frozenness. This assumption is then tested on a considerable number of examples. Since a number of linguistic facts do not corroborate our assumption, we are led to the conclusion that contingent factors (e. g., usage) also contribute to the varying degrees of frozenness, and, in the final analysis, many transformational deficiencies of idioms cannöt be subsumed under any „non-trivial" rule. There are, however, transformations, viz. topicalization and conjoining (and perhaps some others) that can never be applied to idioms, and it is beyond any doubt that these transformations are blocked for semantic reasons. Our final conclusion is that grammatical transformations are not fully autonomous or independent of meaning (and that invalidates the claim still maintained by some transformationalists about autonomous syntactic rules). О месте идиомов в трансформационной грамматике Д

—р Иштван Сабо В настоящей работе излагается такая проблема: как должны быть описаны идиомы в трансформационной грамматике? В начале статьи дан краткий обзор литературы по данной теме, а также изложено вкратце само понятие идиом. В этой связи подчеркиваются следующие положения: во-первых, идиомы отличаются от неидиоматических констукций тем, что их значение не является суммой значе296