Armuth Miklós - Lőrinczi Zsuzsa (szerk.): A Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem Történeti Campusa (Budapest, 2023)

Az európai egyetemek története - The History of European Universities Kalmár Miklós

traditions, the architecture of England underwent several revivals, and then turned to medieval ideas and practical rational materiality. Using exposed brick facades had another reason: the universities were typically built as centrally governed projects, and to counterbalance the high building costs, there was a tendency to prefer lowmaintenance brickwork. The amazingly large-scale urbanisation required a large number of public buildings ranging from universities through hospitals to industrial edifices, which were often built with a brick facade.

From the 19th century on, the United States of America played an ever-important role. Newly founded universities mushroomed and their designs referred to European

historical traditions and styles, but owing to the concentration of capital and an almost unlimited scope for development they were also realised as generous and freely composed complexes. Architectural achievements of American campuses in turn influenced Europe by creating a unique form of development in unbroken rows. These integral complexes were typically realised as new projects.

Whilst the American campuses were designed with a more independent approach to styles and as loose developments, their European counterparts set in tighter urban environments preferred stylistically pure, Neo-Renaissance palatial type. The vario ous faculties were housed in their own building, when the individual fields of science were separated

k within the integral university. Whilst earlier one building contained the whole organisation, by time the

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pavilion-type design was born to reflect specialisation. This in turn necessitated a central building for the

1 purposes of representation and shared administration, which was surrounded by the buildings of the faculx ties in a loose architectural composition. The garden of the university was reminiscent of classical times,

when nature was the scene of philosophy. Especially the universities of science, first of all of medicine required this kind of architectural separation. The process was facilitated by the fact that hospital architecture arrived in a new stage of its evolution by then: besides clinical specialisation the need to isolate infectious patients also justified the pavilion-system. Technical universities had from an early time on separated their education of engineering as it needed workshops, as well as physics and chemistry, resulting in venues with rapidly developing technical equipment. A modern functional design to meet changing needs evolved by the early 20th century.

The modern university evolving internationally soon gained ground in Elungary: universities here were just like the European average, regarding both their quantity and quality. Turn-of-the-century Hungarian universities in the countryside evolved in the regional centres across the country. As a result of traditions of many centuries, some of the university towns are even more significant: Pécs, Selmecbánya (today: Banská Stiavnica, Slovakia), Pozsony (today: Bratislava, Slovakia), Nagyvárad (today: Oradea, Romania), Keszthely, Kassa [today: Kosice, Slovakia), Gyulafehérvár (today: Alba lulia, Romania), Nagyenyed (today: Aiud, Romania), Győr and Eger.

A KIRÁLYI MAGYAR TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM BELKLINIKÁJA, KOLBENHEYER FERENC, 1880

THE SURGICAL CLINIC OF THE ROYAL HUNGARIAN UNIVERSITY, FERENC KOLBENHEYER, 1880