Armuth Miklós - Lőrinczi Zsuzsa (szerk.): A Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem Történeti Campusa (Budapest, 2023)
Az európai egyetemek története - The History of European Universities Kalmár Miklós
of the church and the state the university evolved into a state symbol and the bastion of culture. Subordinated to the interest of the state, the institute of didactic education and scientific research was first founded in Berlin in 1809. For the purposes of the Humboldt University, which is a commanding building, Frederick Wilhelm III donated the Palais Prinz Heinrich, which was built between 1748 and 1765 after designs by architect Johann Boumann Sr. The architect of the university of Munich in Bavaria was Friedrich von Gärtner. The early-19th century in West Europe saw the rivalry between Classicism and Romanticism as the style to dominate architecture. What these trends had in common was the characteristic preference for mass 1 2 CO < formation. Whilst Romanticism preferred picturesque silhouettes, Classicism used symmetry to express its stylistic features. Of these two stylistic responses of historicising, it was typically Classicism which was chosen when designing the acropolises of science, whilst Romantic forms were preferred when continuing the projects of existing medieval universities. This duality remained characteristic of university architecture later on. The libraries of university towns and cities evolved as an independent typology. Famous collections were often associated with universities and raised their architectural standards. The best known libraries in England were the Classicist late-Baroque Trinity College Library built in 1676 by Sir Christopher Wren in Cambridge. Early Gothic Romanticism features Nicholas Hawksmoor's Codrington Library (1715-1740] which is part of the Oxford University's All Souls College. W. H. Playfair designed the library of Old College (1831-1834) of the Edinburgh University in the Neo-Renaissance style. Early historicizing tendencies which preferred a puristic imitation of styles, however, were soon contradicted by the ever-increasing dimensions of the university buildings. The typology of the ideal university building evolving primarily in Prussia and Bavaria was first reborn in Vienna, Austria in the latter half of the 19th century. Designed by Heinrich von Ferstel, it was built in the Neo-Renaissance style between 1871 and 1884 as an integral colossus building with a floor-size more than 20.000 square metres and characteristics A TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN FŐÉPÜLETÉNEK ALAPRAJZA, 1879 GROUND FLOOR PLAN OFTHE MAIN B UILDIN G, TEC H N I SC H E UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN
