Prékopa Ágnes (szerk.): Ars Decorativa 31. (Budapest, 2017)
Szabolcs KONDOROSY: Types of Smoking Pipe Widespread in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th Century in Connection with Archaeological Finds from Onetime Várad Cathedral (Budapest Museum of Applied Arts)
placed by a double truncated cone.29 The cylinder shape of a pipe found in Cairo is recognizably a reduced version of the type, despite the flower-like stamp on the side and marked local features.30 One type from a workshop in Vilnius retains the side wheel motif.31 The distant remove at which this version was found alerts us to the possible existence of other remote derivatives. Further developments of the type included several independent variants on which the previously angular head was rounded out.32 Among these are some pipes from Ceuta (Spanish Africa),33 with a negative stamped impression of the flower, a ring under the chimney and a flat keel. The category also includes a well-known type from the Hódoltság, prominently represented among the Várad pipes.34 (Fig. ß) Two pipes in the Várad assemblage have a transitional design, carrying more features of the basic type (the line of the flat keel along the bowl, the shape of the shank and wreath and the pattern of the relief rosette on the side of the bowl). These features are clear pointers to the origin of the next stage of development, the widely distributed spherical-rosette type, which retains only the side rosette and the shape of the chimney with a ring. The unique richness of the designs of the rosettes on the Várad pipes implies local manufacture. The pipemakers of the Hódoltság, far from the coastal ‘homeland’, crafted the basic type according to their own tastes and cultivated one of its most flourishing branches.35 The dating of the basic type to between 1630 and 1680 primarily derives from the Chinese porcelains in the Bisaga shipwreck.36 A pipemaking workshop in Vilnius that adopted a slightly modified version together with several other Turkish-influenced pipe designs closed before 1697.37 Since such pipes existed prior to 1660 in the Hódoltság,38 the basic type must be older. There was a distinctive second wave of these pipes that stretched into the 18th century, not discussed here. This retained the geometric wheel shape, and its persistence throughout the period, presumably in the original place of manufacture, proves the original geometrical form. Polished type, with narrow shank and sackshaped head The unarticulated head of the pipe swells at the bottom and turns outward at the chimney. The shank is narrow and the conical wreath is usually formed into a star shape. What makes these pipes attractive and unique is the red polished clay coating (slip). The surface of one variant is smooth, while another has a surface formed into facets through the shank and head. There is further classification according to the nature of the facets (flat, concave or edge-separated), the shape of the head and the line and curve of the body. These changes also show transitions from one form to the other.39 There are pipes of this type from the Hódoltság40 and from Croatian,41 Bulgarian,42 Greek43 and former Byzantine lands,44 viz. within the European territory of the Ottoman Empire. (Fig. 6) The unevenness of their distribution derives partly from positive anomalies in the manufacturing centres and trading destinations, and partly from the uneven state of knowledge: more pipes have been published in some areas than in others, and the archaeological assemblages cover different periods (in a long period, the proportion of any one type is smaller). In Sofia, they constitute the commonest type, making up 14% of finds in all periods up to the most recent.45 However, this type is completely absent from several large Bulgarian cities 15
