Prékopa Ágnes (szerk.): Ars Decorativa 31. (Budapest, 2017)
Szabolcs KONDOROSY: Types of Smoking Pipe Widespread in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th Century in Connection with Archaeological Finds from Onetime Várad Cathedral (Budapest Museum of Applied Arts)
4. The distribution of the horizontal cylindrical bowl type pipe into this idea. Even if it is not a representation of a cannon (or other wheeled vehicle), the first (basic) form can only be seen as a spoked wheel, because the abstraction of a natural flower motif is inconceivable. It is excluded by the tastes and design culture of the time, and also by the branches by which the type developed. Pipes in the highly diverse second generation all have varied flower-motif patterns stamped or drawn on bowls independently of a wide variety of their shapes. There are pipes that maintain the pure basic form from Turkey (Mytilene),19 Croatia (Bisaga),20 Italy (Venice),21 Malta,22 France (Pomégues)23 and Spain (Barcelona).24 (Fig. 4) Conspicuously these are all Mediterranean ports. Not a single example has been found from the interior of the mainland. It must therefore have been made somewhere near the sea, in a port or ports with substantial pipe-making activity and shipping traffic. Examples of the basic type with spoked wheels have been found in Mytilene, Malta and Pomégues, and examples with geometric flowers in Venice, Bisaga and Pomégues. The natural flower pattern on the basic type has only been found in Barcelona. The latter further differs from the others in the divided design of the wreath. There is also a kind of flower design on a pipe from Mytilene.25 The patterns of the basic type could all have developed in a single location, but the flower-like variants were probably first made in another town. One sign of this is that the pipes found along the Adriatic coast have geometric flowers, indicating a place of origin that produced only this type and delivered to this area. In seeking the point of manufacture among these ports (perhaps a secondary location, adopting the original form), we must consider the circumstances the pipes were found in and their numbers and proportions. Pomégues (2+1 pipes) may be ruled out, because it was a quarantine port and the pipes were found on the sea bed. Neither does the Bisaga find point to a place of origin, because the one pipe found 13
