Dr. I. Pap szerk.: Studia historico-anthropologica (Anthropologia Hungarica 22. Budapest, 1992)

comparisons. When comparing Conquering Hungarians to the contemporary Tashkent Sheichantaur cemetery's data, they seemed to be closer to the Pamiro-Ferganean complex, according to the upper height of their facial skeleton. Whereas on the basis of their upper facial index, nasal-spine angle and of the slope of forehead they are closer to the West-Asiatic type. They are closer to the Andronovean types according to bizygomatic diameter values as well as to those of orbital and cranial indices. The values of the zygomaxillary angle seem to be very close to each other with the male crania of the summarized group of Conquering Hungarians, Sauromats as well as Andronoveans of the Bronze Age of Kazakhstan. The North-Caspian variant diagnosed by the author and classified by him as Pontic race differed in the massive broad-faced component of the Bronze Age Andronovean type and being associated with the elements of the southern Europoids, it was preserved in the Central Danubian region. The formation of the Central European race begun before than Halstatt period. The transgressive similarity produced by somatological, odontological and dermatoglyphical data make it evident that the Central Danubian variant is a partial result of the general race-genetical process manifested in the final etap (2nd millennia A D.) of the formation of the Central European race. CHAPTER 5 SOME PROBLEMS OF THE RACE- AND ETHNOGENESIS OF HUNGARIANS The craniological material of Conquering Hungarians reveal significant analogies with the series of the North-Caspian Sauromato-Sarmatians in almost all morphological traits. The massive broad-faced Protoeuropoid (Andronovean) - probably substratum - component was approximatively similarly present in the composition of 10th century Hungarians and the Sauromato-Sarmatian of the North-Caspian region. The hypermorphic Andronovean complex that amalgamated the North-Caspian variant of the Pontic race was preserved in its main features from the Sauromato-Sarmatians till Conquering Hungarians (high value of bizygomatic breadth, mesobrachycranic, narrow orbits, well pronounced nose). The comparative stability of the ancient Andronovean component is reflected by the insufficient variation interval of some craniological patterns. The summarized group of Sarmatian male crania seems to be quite homogeneous according to the bizygomatic and length diameters, the upper facial and orbital height and nasal breadth. The massive broad-faced variant of the Pontic race was localized in the North-Caspian region till the dissolution of the Alan Confederation. After this period the variant was relocated to the East-Pre-Caucasus. The Medieval craniological series of the Central Danubian region seem to present a marked similarity to synchronous groups of the North-Caucasus according to the variation amplitudines of some metric traits, representing a common, hypermorph North-Caspian substratum from the Sauromato-Sarmatian Age in the Conquering Hungarians and in the Medieval ancestors of those of some peoples inhabiting North-Caucasus (Ossets, Ingush and others). Taking into consideration the significant distance of the Central Danubian Basin Conquering Hungarians had a clear Europid physiognomy compared to all the finds of the Kama-Bielaya region and Western Siberia. Therefore we must not leave out of consideration the possibility of the various composition (Mongoloid and Europoid) of the Ugrian ethno-linguistic group. Paleoanthropological and archaeological data (K. F. Smirnov, K. V. Salnikov, M. G. Moskova) confirm the hypothesis about the infiltration of Protougors which started from the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Trans-Ural region into the area of the North-Caspian Sauromats in the final phase of the Bronze Age. Some parts of the North-Caspian antique-era population may be identified with the Protohungarians who developed in the Early-Prochorovo phase of Sarmataians' history. The hypothetical Protohungarians of the Prochorovo (Early Sarmatian culture) became specificated from the Finno-Ugric tribes of the southern Cis-Ural region as well as from the Protougors of Western Siberia. The expressivity of the Europoid appearance of the Protohungarians