Budapest Régiségei 36. (2002) – In memoriam Rózsa Kalicz-Schreiber (1929-2001)

Endrődi Anna: New data on the late copper age and early bronze age settlement history of Budapest – Csepel Island = Újabb adatok Budapest Csepel-sziget késő rézkori és kora bronzkori településtörténetéhez 115-129

BUDAPEST RÉGISÉGEI XXXVI. 2002. ANNA ENDRŐDI NEW DATA ON THE LATE COPPER AGE AND EARLY BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF BUDAPEST - CSEPEL ISLAND The Budapest History Museum carried out rescue excavations in 1999 along the track of a gas pipe crossing the northern end of the Csepel Island in a length of about 12 km. The track crossed the archaeo­logical site called Csepel-Vízmű, which is situated about 300 m from the main branch of the Danube in the north-western part of the island (Fig. 1. site 1). Klára Póczy and Tibor Nagy conducted rescue exca­vations at this site in the spring of 1956. They uncov­ered a part of a settlement fragment of the late Cop­per Age Baden Culture (hearths and garbage pits) and graves of the middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture. 1 The rescue excavations conducted in the area between 1974 and 1988 unearthed finds from the late Copper Age, settlement features and graves from the early and middle Bronze Age, graves from the Avar period and medieval pits and an open hearth. 2 The section of a 600 m long and 7 m broad track of the gas pipe was excavated in 1999. In result 25 features of the late Cop­per Age Baden Culture (garbage pits and hearths), 24 graves and 16 garbage pits of the early Bronze Age Bell-beaker Culture, 20 urn graves and 1 settlement feature of the middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, 63 Avar graves, 2 Avar pits and pits, hearths and houses (altogether 27 features) of a village from the Arpádi­an Period have been unearthed. 3 These are the finds that constitute the elements of the horizontal stratig­raphy of the archaeological site. Ferenc Schweitzer's and Márton Pécsi's works describe the geomorphology of the Csepel Island. 4 The Csepel Island is a drained flood plain. The oldest surface formations seem to be the Old Holocene I/b terrace of the Danube with gravely sand, alluvial mud and clay, and the Il/a terrace of the Danube (younger Wurm) built of sandy gravel and fluviatile sand. The river denuded the surface of the Il/a terrace and cut channels into it. In result NNW-SSE aligned terrace islands developed between the channels creating the Old Holocene surfaces, the high flood plain levels, the terrace islands. The archaeological sites of the island can be found on these surfaces. The above described channels were observed and documented several times both on the bank of the Soroksár branch of the ïNagyT. BTM A. 1053-79. 2 Schreiber R., Nagy M. Csepel-Háros 1974, BTM A.: 132-75, Csepel, BVM, Nagy M. 1998,146, Irásné Melis K. 1988, BTM A. 1649-91. 3 Exavated by A. M. Horváth, and E. Kovács Danube and near the main branch of the river, that is at the Csepel-Vízmű site. The main Danube branch was 50-100 m broader in average than at present, 5 so the site may have been about 100-150 m far from the Danube bank. The finds of the late Copper Age Baden Culture from Szigetcsép and Szigetújfalú in the Csepel Island were first published by Ferenc Tompa in 1934 then by Pál Patay in 1938. 6 János Banner completed the site list of the Csepel Island with the Tököl finds in his mono­graph edited in 1956. 7 Tibor Nagy published some late Copper Age pottery finds from the Csepel-Vízmű site in 1973. 8 József Korek published the settlement at Szigetcsép-Tangazdaság in 1984, 9 then the author of the present paper described the settlement of the late Baden Kosztolác Culture from Szigetszentmiklós-Üdü­lősor in T992. 10 The following Late Copper Age settlements and settlement traces are known on the northern tip of the Csepel Island within the legal boundary of Budapest (Fig. 1): 1: Csepel-Vízmű. Excavations by Tibor Nagy and Klára Póczy in 1956 and by A. Endrődi in 1999 11 (Fig. I site 1). 2: Csepel-Háros, Csepel-BUCEM. Rózsa Schreiber conducted rescue excavations in the area of the Cse­pel-Háros plant of the Cement Wares and Stone Industrial Company of Budapest in 1961 12 (Fig. 1, site 2). There has been a dense part of an early Bronze Age settlement unearthed in the territory of the Cement­and Stone Industrial Company north of the vízművek (Waterworks). The site can be found 400 m from the Danube, next to the Early Bronze Age cemetery and the Baden Culture settlement in the territory of the Csepel-Vízművek. Workers found inhumation graves with skeletons in crouched position on an approxi­mately one and a half metre high sand knoll beside the sand pits in the territory of the waterWorks. 4 SCHWEITZER 1992. 5-15; PÉCSI 1958. 5 PÉCSI 1958. 425. 6 TOMIA 1934. 24-25; PATAY 1938. 16. 7 BANNER 1956. 65, 74. 8 NAGY T. 1973. 53. 9. « KOREK 1984. 5-3Q. 10 ENDRŐDI 1992. 63-82. «BTM. A: 1053-79, the find material can be found in the BTM under the inventory number 57. 8. 1. -57. 8. 501. 12 The finds are in the BTM, inv no: 73. 6. 1-11, unpublished 115

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