Társadalomtörténeti múdszerek és forrástípusok. Salgótarján, 1986. szeptember 28-30. - Rendi társadalom, polgári társadalom 1. - Adatok, források és tanulmányok a Nógrád Megyei Levéltárból 15. (Salgótarján, 1987)

Angol nyelvi összefoglalók (English Summaries)

1 553 Festetich, and Viczay also held the large estates in Tolna County. Apart from three foundational large estates of Dunaföldvár, Dombóvár, and Bátaszék laid in the eastern parts of Tolna County along the Danube, the medium-sized and small estates of the gentry were predominant there. After the reconquest of the Turkish occupied territories of the kingdom, the king bestowed the landed estates on many noble families of Kisalföld and Csallóköz is Tolna County. The landed properties of the noble families of Dory, Perczel, Kligel, Gindly were as large as twenty thousand acres respectively. As a consequence of the partitions of the landed properties among the two or three generations of heirs, these noble families began to lose their previous social, political and economic status in Tolna County, moreover many of them run into debt. After the partitions of the landed, the new countryhouses and the new domains had to be established as well as the daughter's quarter of the portion of the legacy had to be paid down in cash. Because of failing their liquidity, these families were forced to borrow money. The income of the parted estates could hardly cover the expense of the noble manners, passions and custom inherited from the previous generations. The pressing indebtedness foreshadowed the financial bankruptcy of many noble families. The economic deficiency could not have overcome in the traditional way. A few gentry families successfully found the way-out from their desperate economic situation by means of adjusting their agricultural production to the rising capitalist environment. Owing to the cheap transportation by water, the landed estates along the Danube took up the agricultural commodity production and trade in wool, grain and colza. Dániel Csapó and István Bezerédj, the well-known liberal politicians, were the outstanding and innovative agriculturists of their age as well. István Bezerédj introduced, for example, the silkworm breeding in Tolna County. The emancipation of the peasantry did not break down the agricultural production of these innovative noble families because the feudal rent in labor, crops, and cash constituted only the insignificant part of their incomes. The incomes of their own landed estates were increased by means of the leasehold properties. The Dory family, for instance, leased the latifundiums of Dombóvár and Ireg which run to thirty thousand and thirteen thousand acres respectively at the beginning of the 1860's. These two leasehold properties which formed the economic basis of the wealth of Döry family up to the 1930*5 were enlarged with canning factory and creamery later. Antal and Rudolf Gindly who originated from the wealthy merchant-family of Győr were the bankers of the bankrupt noble families up to the end of the 1850's. After the decline of the Hungarian revolution and the war of independence, the Gindlys distrusted the economic and political stability of the new regime, therefore they invested their liquid capital, more than a hundred thousand forints, into the real estate business in Pest and Székesfehérvár. The innovative gentry families tried to prevent the economic aftermath of the partition of the landed properties by all means. Dániel Csapó, Antal Gindly, and István Bezerédj had only one kid. Rudolf Gindly had three children. This tendency in natality was far from an accident. By and large, six up to ten children were born in the gentry families in Tolna County. To mention an extreme case, Sándor Perczel the Elder had nineteen children. Setting up the capitalist agricultural production and the capitalist enterprises, the innovative, learned and open-minded families of Tolna's gentry managed to avoid the fate of the bankrupt families of their stratum. Taking advantage of the economic boom of the 1850's, they emerged even with the greater strength from the trial of the capitalist transformation.