Selmeczi László szerk.: Szolnok Megyei Múzeumi Évkönyv (1982-83)
M. R. Csányi: Finds of the Nagyrév Culture in the Middle Tisza Region
reminiscent of the Kulcs type 107a and vessels of the Perjámos culture. This similarity, indicating close relations between the population of the two ethnic groups, also confirms a dating to the late phase. The jug with an out-turned rim and a lentiform body 107b-shown in PI. 15:3 can also be assigned to this phase. The differentiation of early Nagyrév jugs is rather more controversial. We could take as a strating point the negative evidence that there are no short -necked, squat, globular jugs without shoulders among published finds dating to the late phase of the culture. One of the Szelevény jugs (PI. 16:5) and the Szajol jug (PI. 14:9) can thus be dated to the early phase of the culture ; this is also confirmed by the occurence of similar forms in the well-known Szentes grave and the Kökénydomb assemblage. 108 These vessels share a common feature in that the carination line roughly divides the vessel, whereas the carination line falls onto the lower third or quarter of the vessel during the late phase. Thus the number of jugs in this category can be further enlargened by vessels found at Szelevény (Pl. 15:1, Pl. 17:5). The latter is matched by specimen unearthed in grave 179 at the Szőreg cemetery. i° 9 The analogous forms from Tószeg-Ökörhalom and the Szanda graves assign the biconical jugs to theearly phase of the culture, including the two jugs from Törökszentmiklós (Pl. 14:7-8) and several specimens from Szelevény (PI. 15:2, PI. 16:2, 4, 7, PI. 17:3,6). Several jugs (PI. 17:1, 7,9, PI. 15:4, PI. 16:6) are paralleled by vessels found at sites of the Kőtörés group.no Our aim in publishing the material from surface collections was that it could perhaps eventually be used as comporative evidence in the dating of finds which can definitely be associated with settlement features and habitation levels. Certain fragments can nevertheless already be dated to the classical phase of the culture (PI. 19:1-3) or the early phase (P. 20:9). It is therefore certain that the finds from Tószeg-Ökör halom, Szolnok-Szőlősihalom and Rákóczifalva, the Szajol and . the two Törökszentmiklós jugs can be dated to the early phase of the Nagyrév culture. The late phase is represented by vessels found at Tiszainoka, Fegyvernek, Törökszentmiklós, Újbög, Tiszaföldvár. The Szelevény site is especially significant as it yielded material of both the early and late phase. It would be extremely important if future research confirm ad that these vessels originate from the tell settlement at Menyasszonypart, since this would in turn prove that the like development of various settlemnets did not begin at the same time. The majority of the finds analyzed here comprise the vessel types in use during the early phase of the Nagyrév culture, and it is thus possible to compare these finds to contemporary grave assemblages from the area of Budapest. The best comporative evidence is offered by the material unearthed in the cemeteries of the cemeteries of the Tököl, Alsónémedi, Budakalász and Békásmegyer. The most frequent vessel type in assemblages from Szolnok county, the single hande jug knownas the "Nagyrév-jug" with an out-turned is conspicionely lacking in these cemeteries near Budapest. A wider mouthed, slightly smaller cup-like vessel occurs fairly frequently here, which together with applique ribs, have no parallels in the middle Tisza region. 1 и The form of the urns is similar in both areas, the only difference being - as this has already pointed out - that the Békásmegyer and Tököl urns have cylindrical necks. The shape of bowls also differs: Nagyrév bowls with out-turning usually have four handles, whereas the bowls of the Bell BeakerCsepel group are deeper, the carination line at the shoulder is not so sharply angled, and the shape itself is related to certain vessels of the Pitvaros group and the Somogyvár-Vinkenci culture, rather that to the Nagyrév bowls of the middle Tisza regi on. из Thus the material culture of the two regions in question differs considerably, in spite of the fact that broombrushed pots and truncated conical bowls with a horizontal rim occur in both areas, these forms and decorations being characteristic of the Early Bronze Age. Apart from a few vessels found at Szigetszentmiklós, there is no material corresponding to the Ökörhalom-type finds of the middle Tisza region in the area around Budapest, i 13 The most characteristic type of vessel found in cemeteries near Budapest is jug with applique bands or moustache. 114 Its antecedents occur in the Makó-Kosihy-Caka complex,!! 5 but analogous finds can be cited from sites of the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture in both Transdanubia and Yugoslavia. 116 Its southernmost occurence is in the Sövényháza-Kőtörés assemblage and at Ásotthalom.11 7 N. Tasic, in contreast ti his earlier opinion, no now assigns, of the jugs occuring on sites of the Vinkovci culture located in the area between the Danube and the Sava, to the Nagyrév culture.ne This vessel type, however, is not found in assemblages of the middle Tisza region and does not occur in the late Nagyrév culture either. We have thus arrived at the crux of the matter : although the material culture of the late Nagyrév period in middle Tisza region is a direct continuation of the earlier Ökörhalom-type assemblages, no typological connections whatsoever can be discerned between the late Nagyrév finds and the Bell Beaker-Csepel group. Thus, this latter cannot be regarded as the precursor of the classical Nagyrév period, moreover, its identification with the Nagyrév culture must also be rejected. The comporative analysis of finds assigned to the Kőtörés group also raises similar problems which only be solved by future research. It is nevertheless to this group are not uniform. The four Szőreg graves and several stray finds show the characteristic features of the Nagyrév culture, and it would thus reasonable ti set up a sub-type on the characteristic features. 1 1 9 Apart from the sites in around Budapest and Vác, there are several sites (such as Baks and Sövényháza-Kőtörés) which have yielded material which cannot be assigned unequivocally to the Nagyrév culture. 1 20 These and certain stray finds form the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plain 12 i indicate the presence of a find complex in the area lying between the Danube and the Tisza which at present cannot be assigned to any given ethnic group and which shows close affinities to the Somogyvár-Vinkovci complex of Transdanubia and Yugoslavia. The evidence presented above shed new light on the orogons of the Nagyrév culture. It would appear that the initial impetus giving rise to the dvelopment of this culture can be traced to the Tisza region, since the majority of early Nagyrév sites are located there: the Szentes burial, grave 138 of Rákóczifalva, and the finds from Hódmezővásárhely-Kökénydomb. Transdanubia was inhabited by the people of the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture, 122 the area around Budapest by the Bell BeakerCsepel group, and the Tisza was settled by ethnic groups related to the former. The next phase in the development of the Nagyrév culture marks the expansion of the culture with the appearance of its characteristic material culture in the area between the Danube and Tisza and Danube region ; in terms of relative chronology, this can be dated to the early, i. e. Ökörhalom phase of the culture. This is followed by the classical Nagyrév period, the age of the tell settlements, during which regional differences can be demonstrated in the material culture. 65
