Vízügyi Közlemények, 1969 (51. évfolyam)

4. füzet - Rövidebb közlemények és beszámolók

(104) on the average oi several years between July 21 and August 10. About 20% of the total consumption during the growing season in consumed within this period. 3. The duration curves of daily water consumption by individual irrigation systems are subject to annual changes depending on the utilization of the area. In the case of larger areas the duration curves are more uniform, the duration of higher consumptions is longer so that the curves display an elevated trend. The consumption over smaller areas is more variable, which is reflected also by the number of days without operation. The water consumption of a particular irrigation system can be characterized with the help of several duration curves. 4. The duration curve for the characteristic period may be a proper substitute for the duration curve of the growing season since the months April and September contribute only to the duration of low rates of consumption. The duration curve of the growing season is the envelop of similar curves of shorter periods. 5. Within individual irrigation systems the daily highest consumption figures are largely of the same magnitude regardless of the intensity of area utilization, but the duration thereof is very short throughout. Considerable differences were observed, however, in the duration of other high consumption figures. 6. Average consumption during the growing season (Qf50%) may be estimated at round 20 — 50% of Qf

m

ax- Here higher percentage values pertain to larger areas. 7. Typical shapes and values of the duration curves are illustrated in Figs. 2-68. The variability of consumption in the peak period can be well described by the non-uniformity coefficient, which is inversely proportionate to the size of the area to which water is supplied (Fig. 8.). The parameters described above offer opportunity for obtaining improved solutions for some of the problems related to water management, the design and operation of irrigation systems. Available supplies and demands to be met from these are preferably compared on the basis of conditions prevailing in the design period. In the hydraulic dimensioning of water conveying elements allowance should be made for the nonuniformity coefficient. Variations in consumption should be taken into consideration also when dimensioning the different controlling and measuring structures. THE PRESENT SITUATION OF RESEARCH INTO KARSTIC WATERS IN HUNGARY By Dr. Böcker, T. Mining Eng. (For the Hungarian text see pp. 485) In Hungary research into karstic waters is closely related with practice. The volume of karstic water raised to the surface in 1959, 1965 and anticipated for 1975 can be characterised by the following figures: mine water: 87, 201 and 447 million cu.m per year, drinking and industrial water: 60, 65, 65 million cu.m per year, balneological and bathing water: 64, 39, 26 million cu.m per year. In other words the increase in the production during 15 years is, if production in 1959 is taken as 100%, as follows: 100, 142 and 270%, respectively. This increase is associated with new projects (mines, waterworks, baths, etc.), the cost of investment of which depends on the results of exploration and research. The main purpose and objective of research is the study into the flow phenomena of karstic water. In the first section the karstic areas of Hungary are described (Fig. 1.), a typical profile of which is shown in Fig. 2. Five karstic regions can be distinguished in the area of the country (see Fig. 1) the interrelations between which are not yet completely understood. From among the several karstic water horizons readily distinguishable in Hungary the one having the largest area and of greatest significance is the karstic water stored in the Upper Triassic limestones and Dolomites. Water passages within these rocks have been classified for purposes of the present study