The Eighth Tribe, 1978 (5. évfolyam, 1-12. szám)
1978-10-01 / 10. szám
Page 8 THE EIGHTH TRIBE October, 1978 tween summer and winter pastures. This practice naturally impeded somewhat the rise of permanent sedentary settlements and slowed down Hungary’s progress toward the Western social model. This was the reason why in the late eleventh century one of King St. Ladislas’s laws forbade villagers from moving too far away from their established churches. Animal husbandry and rotational grazing, however, continued to remain an important part of the Hungarian social and economic scene. While rotational grazing remained, agriculture also developed steadily. As indicated by the continued heavy reliance upon hand mills, cereal production increased only modestly in the course of the eleventh century. By the twelfth century, however, the use of water and animal driven mills began to displace the old methods. This development reflects the rapid increase of cereal production, as well as the growing presence of new, mostly Western technology in Hungary. Progress in agriculture is also indicated by the increasing use of better quality plows. Although the Magyars had used plows even before their conquest of the Carpathian Basin, those instruments were only simple “hook plows’" that scratched, but did not turn over the ground. By the late eleventh century, however, their plows had become more complex and efficient instruments that were equipped with plowshares. Some of these were so large that they had to be drawn by as many as eight to ten oxen. (Szabó: Magy. parasztság, 3-12; Szabó: Falurendszer, 7-54.) Knights, “Royal Servants," Peasants and Artisans As shown already in conjunction with St. Stephen’s reforms (Ch. XIV), the structure of Hungarian society was different on the huge royal (“patrimonial”) estates, administered through the county system, than on the lands of the individual clans. By the early twelfth century this system was further complicated through the establishment of large private estates held by the various religious institutions and by the members of the powerful landed aristocracy. The royal lands were controlled and administered by a separate class of people with the aid of a network of fortresses (vár), each of which served as the administrative and military center of one of the royal counties (vármegye). This network of fortresses and counties also served as the basis of the king’s economic, political and military powers. The people who served the king in these fortresses and counties were divided according to their functions into 114 sequent editions of the bibliography might well include annotations for the individual entries in the bibliography, which could serve to delineate periods covered and note potential value of the item to scholars. Brief annotations and a title index would measurably contribute to the usefulness of this volume. Mr. Szeplaki's current work documents well the need for Hungarian-American groups to include their publications in research collections so they may he known and utilized by various scholars. The Eighth Tribe and materials disseminated by the Committee for Human Rights in Rumania have been included in the Center. Hungarians in the United States and Canada: A Bibliography does reveal, however, significant gaps in resources held at the Immigration History Research Center, such as missing issues of Itt-Ott (begun in 1967 and not held in its entirety), William Penn Life (only one issue is held in the collection), and Magyarsag (holdings incomplete). No works by Linda Degh are represented in the collection. The publication of this bibliography demonstrates that an appeal is needed for the submission of materials into the Minnesota collection, now that the Hungarian community can recognize the importance of the inclusion of these items in a research center. Copies of Hungarians in the United States and Canada: A Bibliography by Joseph Széplaki can be obtained for $6.00 from the Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota. It is urged that all those interested in compilations of Hungarian-American materials obtain a copy of this recent contribution to the field. Ruth G. Bíró is Assistant Professor and Director of the Library Science Program, School of Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa. BA. Chatham College (1962) in political science; M.L.S. University of Pittsburgh (1965) Concentration — International comparative librarianship; Ph.D.—candidate. Pertaining to Multicultural Activities Consultant to WQED’s Mr. Roger’s Neighborhood Family Communications Division for a cross-cultural project (July-September, 1977) ; Member, Mid- Atlantic Ethnic Studies Conference (lTniversity of Pittsburgh, 1978) ; Member, American Hungarian Educators Association: Participant, National Institute on Multicultural Teacher Education Standards, 1977. Author, Books on Africa, Regional Council for International Education, 1966; Author, “First Decade of the African Collection of the Duquesne
