Századok – 1994
Tanulmányok - Laszlovszky József: Angol–magyar kapcsolatok a 12. század második felében II/223
ANGOL-MAGYAR KAPCSOLATOK A 12. SZÁZADBAN 251 112 S.Kuttner - E.Rathbone: Anglo-Norman Canonists of the Twelfth Century. Thiditio 7 (1951) 279-358.; L.Stephen -S.Lee (eds.): The dictionary of national biography.Oxford 1917.1. 994-997.; A.B.Emden: i.m. II. 1219.; T. H Aston: i.m. 14. ш R. W.Hunt: English Learning in the late twelfth century. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 19 (1936) 21.; A.B.Emden: i.m. II. 1298. 114 Gombos A.: i.m. 1281-1282. ns A.B.Emden: i.m. 1.489.; L.Stephen — S.Lee.i.m. II. 875-876. 116 A.B.Emden: i.m. 1.117. 117 D.L.Douie - D.H.Farmer: i.m. XXVIII. A lincolni angol-magyar kapcsolatok egy másik vonatkozása is figyelemre méltó, és ez is Szent Hugóhoz kapcsolódik. Rogerius Wendower korabeli krónikája szerint 1200-ban a szent testének felemelésénél a skót és az angol király mellett három érsek is jelen volt. Hubertus Cantuariensis, Gaufridus Eboracensis és Bernardus Raguensis. További adatok hiányában egyenlőre nem világos, hogy valóban a raguzai érsekről van-e szó, és ez milyen kapcsolatokra utalhat. 118 D.L.Douie - D.H.Farmer: i.m. XXVIII. 119 и.о. XXIX. 120 A.B.Emden: i.m. I. 117.; D.L.Douie -D.H.Farmer: i.m. XXVIII. 121 A.B.Emden: i.m. II. 1342. 122 D.L.Douie - D.H.Farmer: i.m. XXVIII-XIVI. 123 A.L.Poole: i.m. 239-240, 362-366. Az egyetemi oktatók egyházi és világi szerepvállalásáról, valamint az 1190-es évek változásairól: R.WSouthern: i.m. 270-282. ANGLO-HUNGARIAN RELATIONS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 12TH CENTURY by Laszlovszky József (Summary) The Anglo-Hungarian relations did not belong to the most important elements of Hungarian foreign policy in the 11th to 13th centuries. They can, however, not be considered incidental, either. It was primarily in the second half of the 12th century that the contacts became regular and there can be found traces of a conscious orientation in foreign policy on the part of the Hungarian king. The first and most important steps were taken in Paris where there was an ever growing number of Hungarian students studying at the university from the 1150's. Lukács, the later archbishop of Esztergom was for example a fellow student of Walter Map who wrote extensively about his former schoolmate's struggles with the rulers of Hungary. This struggle was in many ways extremely similar to that of Thomas Becket and the rulers of England. The Hungarian students at the University of Paris established strong relations with the English students belonging to the same natio. Returning home many of the became high Church dignitaries in both countries. In Hungary they played an important role in the formation of foreign policy mainly from the middle years of the rule of Béla III as leaders of the chancellary or as bishops. From the middle of the 1170's the Hungarian king tended to counterbalance the former dominance of a Byzantine orientation by a West-European one. When wanting to get married for the second time he went first to Byzantium for a bride, then proposed to the grand-daughter of the king of England but finally married Margaret of France, sister of Philip August, King of France and widow of younger king Henry of England. His plans for marriage might have been influenced by the above mentioned layer of clerics and by the ever stronger Cistercian order through which further contacts could be established. The new queen herself may have contributed to the establishment of Anglo-Hungarian relations and to the quick spread of Becked's cult in Hungary. Against this background one can easily understand the presence of Hungarian students and clerics in England in the 1190's. The most well-known of them was Nicholaus clericus de Hungaria who studied at Oxford between 1193 and 1196 as the second earliest foreign student of the university. His presence in Oxford cannot be linked to the crusade of Richard the Lionheart as earliert scholars have maintained, though the crusades naturally offered further opportunity to expand the Anglo-Hungarian relations.
