Grigorescu, Felicia: Forme de artă în cimitire evreieşti din nord-vestul Romaniei (Satu Mare, 2013)
Glosar de termeni
suggested by the presented displays in Scheiber Sándor’s work: Magyarországi zsidó feliratok, where old tomb stones are represented kept miraculously sometime discovered in some demolished buildings, in which they were built. The tomb stone with the death year 1278 (Pig. 20) is a frequent shape in the cemeteries from the XIXth century, being accomplished in a very careful way with the perfectly proportionate closing semicircle, the uniform contour and the methodical and equal writing. The same shape can be retrieved at the stone with death year 1398, but the cutter is less precise and the writing with a non-uniform calligraphy (Pic. 21). orv This shape is known by some scripture called Board of Law . As formal base, the type is retrieved in many other subtypes, connate by the ornamental elements which are associated with them. To this kind of tomb stone are usually missed the distinctive pseudo-architectural elements: the superior part equal to the front is often in the stone’s continuance (Pic. 22). There are shapes to which are presented a dividing horizontal band, equal to cornice. To this shape are missed the lateral columns, the punctuated profiles in multiple receding, same as other graphical elements, presented at the previous type. The relief in the contour can be less tall or deeper, rounder, edgy and there can be emphases such as key stone or mimicry of some capitals. These monuments usually present a distinct ornament in the superior register. An alternative of the I.A.l. type, emphasising more the contour’s handling is with double perimeter framing accomplished in high relief. Although it remains a simple shape the alternation full-empty assuring the stone an austere elegance (Pic. 23). In some cases, this kind of tomb stone can be divided by an incision or a band in relief, at the joint of the tomb stone’s superior plan, of the semicircle or triangle from the superior part with the rectangle’s plan which makes the monument’s body (Pic. 24). Also at this joint’s level of the two plans occur other two subtypes of differentiation. The one would be when the semicircle’s base is smaller than the rectangle’s side which supports it (I.A.2.a.e.) (Pic. 25). From this inequality of segments, arises a two ribbed shape, known as tabernacle form81, met in silver work, synagogue decoration, in miniature, in the stages’ decoration from religious books or as motifs embellished on the cultured objects’ textiles as peddles or wrap case for prayer books. This form can be retrieved in the Hebraic cemeteries’ representation in the XVIIIth century from Hevra Kadisha’s Book from Nagykanizsa (Hu). A second alternative is backward of the segments’ inequality: the semicircle’s base is bigger than the supporting side of the rectangle’s body of the tomb stone. In some copies the difference between dimensions are very big, reaching the redoubling. The most frequent shapes like these are met in the cemetery from Târgu Lăpuş, but also in other 09 cemeteries in older areas . It can be noticed a quite constancy of the I.A.2. type’s dimension, same as that they are embellished from the same material. Their thickness are reduced, waving between 6 and 10 cm, and their silhouettes are a bit slimmer - in lack of columns, towards the previous type, being proportionate around in terms of the relation 2,5 x 1, * 82 m Shőner A., A pokol.... p. 15 Xl Ibidem 82 The temporal separation new yone/old yone is considered to be done by the emancipation process, namely until the middle of the second half of the I9lh century would be the old zone, and from de end of the century begins the new zone. 119
