Grigorescu, Felicia: Forme de artă în cimitire evreieşti din nord-vestul Romaniei (Satu Mare, 2013)
Glosar de termeni
got rid of both physical and financial effort, and of transport from distant places of the stone. On the other hand, the charm of a natural material has been lost, together with the colourful palette of the stones, associated with the mobility of shapes and dimensions, all this specific to Jewish cemeteries. The concrete will cause the use of patterns in building the tombs, which will lead to the removal of the unique character of each tomb stone provided by its hand crafted creation. On the other hand, it will provide a unifying character to the space, not only for one cemetery but for large areas, set up by the urgency of usage of an own formula, specific to a new and strong bias of identity. Consequently, we consider that this shape of tomb stone is the one distinctive for the identity liberation, of the desire to contextual individualization, by having a strong catalyst when one has recourse to his origins. By emphasizing the shapes of architecture depicted in the Bible, of both little columns associated with the pillars of Joachim and Boaz, the architecture of the Jewish cemetery leaves for the moment the tendency of both compression and reduction to the essence of the shapes. Later, by afterwards stylizing one will fade out this active tendency for demonstration. In addition, it must be mentioned that in some cemeteries these shapes often appear in the older parts, sometimes older than one century, since the moment of the spread of the new shapes. These can be recognized among the tomb stones made of natural stone, which are much deteriorated, but still resisting in those areas. One has distinguished a great difference between the age and the material of the pedestal in those areas and the ones of the so-called stones having the shape I.A. l.a. We suppose that there was a movement of replacing the old tomb stones by the new ones, and the old epitaph was obviously copied on it; being at that time still visible or the memory of the dead was still known by the ancestors. This type of tomb stone, besides its classical shape described above, can be seen in double variant (I. B.), being dominant in the row of the rabbis from Satu Mare, where there are the most spectacular models of this double temple shape. The tendency between the XIX and XX centuries is the increase of the Star of David as an ornament on the tomb stones which includes the same elements as in the temple, but treated in a diminished manner. Both the movement and the trend in the artistic period, show their presence in the course of tomb stones treatment, all know that the Jews are spreaders of all that is new . There is a great number of tomb stones pseudo-architectural and ornamental, with shapes forced to be essential. The most frequent are the little ornamental columns, the capitals or pediments (Pic. 14). The body of the stone keeps its dimension but the architectural elements are diminished to a profile in ovolo on the rim of the stone, and they are sometimes represented in concavities in the rim of the tomb stone. By analyzing them into details, one can notice that they flourish within the same shapes as the temple type; even they can be considered a subtype or the temple type. Moreover, it is remarkable the courage to introduce them in the shapes of the Jewish tomb stones, contrasting the severe religious conservatism. 2. Obelisk Type (I.A.l.b.) This type of tomb stone is mostly common as having a pyramid stub shape, with a square or rectangular base with a pointed top (Pic. 15). There are also models 79 79 M. Moldovan,'Sinagoga..., p. 122 117
