Marta, Liviu (szerk.): Satu Mare. Studii şi comunicări. Seria arheologie 29/1. (2013)
Oliver Dietrich: A small bronze hoard from "Kronstadt-Galgenberg". A c ontribution to the understanding of cultural landscapes in Middle Bronze Age southeastern Transylvania
In his monographic treatise of the hoard from Bühl, K.-F. Rittershofer listed further exponents of this axe group17 scattered throughout Europe from Austria in the south to the North Sea and Baltic Sea in the north, the Rhine Valley in the west and the Carpathian Basin in the east, proposing, as already Hänsel, the hoard from Ackenbach as the second characteristic find of the horizon18. While all the axes cited by Hänsel, Mayer and Rittershofer clearly belong to one group of forms and may be used to date the axe from Braşov, the closest analogies in form are more restricted; they are specified in list 1. All chronologically relevant find combinations hint at a date at the beginning of the MBA for the axe from Braşov, in the horizon described by Hänsel19 as MD I for the Carpathian Basin, or Bühl-Ackenbach for southern Central Europe, and elaborated further by Mayer20 and Rittershofer21. The second axe clearly represents a spoiled casting which was not further processed. This could be a complication to typological categorization, as beating out of the raw form could have altered its appearance considerably; but recent metallographic research by T. Kienlin22 has proven only minor influences on the general form by post-casting treatment of Early Bronze Age (EBA) axes. Anyway it may be presumed that the small sides and the blade would have been slightly more swung due to peening and the neck would have been hammered flat. The axe was included by Hänsel in his monograph on the chronology of the Middle Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin23, but not illustrated24. He placed it in one type with axes from Dunakömlőd25, Tibolddaróc26, Barca27, Vsechsvätych28, Vatin29 and Trucevac30, describing the group as “flanged axes with straight sides broadening continuously down to the cutting edge”, substantiating further that these axes form variant A of the type, described as “broad, with flat flanges”. Hänsel31 pointed at the close affinity of these axes with the Neyruz type defined originally by E. Vogt32, and argued for the constriction of this type to Bz A1 to be widened considerably. The axes from Trucevac form part of a hoard found in a pot of the early Vattina Culture, which should be earlier than MDI according to Hänsel, a date also to be presumed for the settlement finds from Tibolddaróc and Barca, which belong to the Füzesabony- Otomani Culture33. The axe from Dunakömlőd, associated with flat and shaft-hole axes in a hoard, was seen as considerably older by Hänsel34 and put by A. Mozsolics35 in her horizon II (Kömlőd-Ercsi), predating the Hajdúsámson-Apa horizon. Mayer could show the chronological span and spatial distribution of the Neyruz type to be even larger36. His account starts with a piece from a hoard found in level IV of the tell of Ezero in Bulgaria37 and includes finds from upper and middle Italy in the south to the middle Rhine valley in the north and Bulgaria, Slovakia and Hungary in the east, with a main concentration in western Switzerland and southeastern France, dating mainly to the EBA but appearing still in the MBA38. V. Klochko mentions A small bronze hoard from “Kronstadt-Galgenberg“. A contribution to... 17 Rittershofer 1983, 189-193, 377-378, list 2; his type 2. 18 Rittershofer 1983, 326-337. 19 Hänsel 1968. 20 Mayer 1977. 21 Rittershofer 1983. 22 Kienlin 2007, 6-8. 23 Hänsel 1968, 193, list 54, nr. 4. 24 Hänsel gives the inventory number 26393, anyway taking into account the description of the type and the illustrations of the analogies clearly the second axe from Vienna is meant. 25Roska 1957, fig. 1/2; Mozsolics 1967, 143, pi. 1/1-8. 26 Balász 1907, 264, fig. 2. 27 Hänsel 1968, 234, pl. 8/36 28 Pástor 1965, 40, fig. 5/4. 29 Hänsel 1968, 239, pl. 15/11-12. “Garasanin 1954, 11, pl. IV/1; Hänsel 1968, 239, pl. 13/12-15. 31 Hänsel 1968, 66. 32 Vogt 1948. 33 Hänsel 1968, 66. 34 Hänsel 1968, 66-67. 35 Mozsolics 1967, 121, 143, pl. 1/1-8. * Mayer 1977,71-76. 37 Mayer 1977, 73-74. 38 Mayer 1977, 73-75. 169
