Marta, Liviu (szerk.): Satu Mare. Studii şi comunicări. Seria arheologie 26/1. (2010)
János Németi: Acâs - Râtul lui Veres (Veres-rét). The Late Bronze Age settlement
János Németi tumulus necropolis at Lăpuş II (T9), in Moldavia, at Grăniceşti, and south, on the territory of Dobrogea, at the I-II level at Babadag, in north-western Transylvania were highly frequent, in Hungary and Slovakia95. Besides the large-sized vessels with hyperbolical knobs, other new forms emerged, like bowls and tureens decorated by horizontal fluting on the inside, or bowls and tureens with inverted, protruding rim, small, tapered cups, flat, with upraised handles, tapered jugs with a small knob on the edge of the handle, large-sized storage vessels with flat and broad rim, with fluting and other vessels like these decorated on their cylindrical neck by horizontal fluting and by oblique fluting on their bodies. A new decorative motif appears to be the parallel, wavy lines which will have become specific of the Gáva culture, the fulldeveloped stage (Pl. XXX-XXXII). Bichrome painting is a new pottery technology which has the vessels painted black on the outside and red-brick-red on the inside, specific of the Gáva culture. Bichrome painting does not appear only on the large-sized vessels, but also on small pots. This type of discoveries from Acâs-Râtul lui Veres and other settlements mentioned above point to a genetical evolution towards the Gáva culture. Based on the observations made on the traditional black pottery from the pottery centres at Mohács, Gömör - Ungaria96, the bichrome painting has not tight relations with the vessel firing itself, but it is a subsequent processing applied to pottery after the vessels were fired in oxidizing atmosphere in kilns or in special pits arranged for firing vessels (antiquity, in our case). The black colour on the outer surface of the vessels was obtained by laying containers upside down in kilns and after the firing in oxidizing atmosphere was finished, they were submitted to a special processing with a smoking fire, after the kiln or the firing pits were covered. The ash laid on vessels, but when the smoke penetrated below the vessel rim, a thin, black line took shape on the inside. The ash laid on vessels turned into “graphite” and the outer surface of the vessels became burnished black or matt. This is only a hypothesis of the procedure for obtaining bichrome painting pottery. It can be confirmed or denied by the petrographic analyses made on pottery. The discoveries we mentioned here (their number has increased with new settlements: Tăşnad-Sere - Parcare, Valea lui Mihai - Groapa cu lut) are chronologically related to the Lăpuş II phase - the tumulus necropolis and the settlement from Groşii Ţibleşului - Ograde97, moreover they are thought to be the earliest manifestation of the Gáva culture. Their genetic relation with the classical Gáva culture still requires more proof, observations and archaeological investigations, reason for which I still submit to the denomination of pre-Gáva as an early manifestation of the Gáva culture itself, although a theory unaccepted by C. Kacsó98. Chronologically comparing these discoveries with those similar from Transylvania, one can make connections with the cultures: Cugir-Band-Lăpuş II, recently classified by H. Ciugudean to the Late Bronze Age II.A - Ältere Umenfeldenzeit-Ha.Al- Miiller-Karpe and with the discoveries of the type Nagykálló, Szentes-Nagyhegy". Bibliography: Almássy et. Al. 2009: Almássy K, Istvánovits E, Pop D.: Előzetes jelentés a Csengersioma/Petea (Petén) feltárt bronzkori településrészletről [Vorbericht über die bronzezeitlichen Siedlüngsreste in Csengersima], Tisicum, Szolnok, 2009, 87-99. Bader-Dumitrscu 1970: Bader T-Dumitraşcu S: Săpăturile arheologice la aşezarea de tip Otomani de la Medieşul Aurit [Les fouilles archéologiques dans l’établissent de type Otomani de Medieşul Aurit] Materiale, IX, 127-136 9Î Vasiliev 1991,82 96 Kresz 1987, 524-598 97 Kacsó 1993, 33, PI. VII/17,19; PI. IX/14. 18-19 98 Kacsó 2007, 56 99 Ciugudean 2009, 313-337, fig. 2 - chronological table 282
