B. Papp szerk.: Studia Botanica Hungarica 38. 2007 (Budapest, 2007)

Szollát, György, Seregélyes, Tibor, S. Csomós, Ágnes; Standovár, Tibor: The flora and vegetation of Gödi Láprét near Göd, Pest county, Hungary

also rising 1-2 metres higher than its surroundings. This site is slightly more mesophilous than the previous, and the effects of former grazing are more obvious. Bromus erectus is the dominant species in this semi-dry grassland, Chrysopogon gryllus, Brachypodium pinnatum and Equisetum ramosissimum are abundant, while the most common associates are Stipa capillata, Festuca rupicola, F. pseudovina, Koeleria cristata, Carex caryophyllea, Dactylis glomerata and Centaurea sadleriana. Of the protected species Anacamptis pyramidalis, Orchis morio and O. ustulata are worth mentioning, as well as Astragalus austriacus as a rare (not protected) species in the region. b) Calciphilous sand steppe {Festucetum vaginatae Rapaics ex Soó 1929 emend. Borhidi 1996) can only be found here as variously degraded vegetation fragments, so it is difficult to recognise and outline the borders of these steppe sites, and distinguish them from the sandy pastures and the slightly disturbed and open sand meadow-steppe patches. Festuca vaginata has not been found so far, Stipa borysthenica is represented by only a few dozen tufts; coexistence of some perennials, characteristic of the sand steppes - Alkanna tinctoria, Gypsophila fastigiata subsp. arenaria and Festuca x wagneri - seem to prove the former existence of the Festucetum vaginatae association in the area. c) The sandy pastures (which include the strongly degraded remnants of calciphilous sandy grasslands and sand meadow-steppes) are the most widespread unit in the study area. The grassland is mainly composed of Festuca pseudovina, Koeleria cristata, Cynodon dactylon, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Poa angustifolia, Artemisia campestris and Ononis spinosa with the presence of Astragalus onobrychis, Salvia nemorosa, Onobrychis arenaria, Calamagrostis epigeios, Carex stenophylla, Medicago falcata, Galium verum and Achillea collina in some sites. Certainly, as a consequence of grazing in the past, a number of natural pioneers of the open sand steppes, as well as disturbance tolerant, phytosociologically indifferent and weed species are also frequent here, like Aegilops cylindrica, Anthemis ruthenica, Apera spicaventi, Bromus tectorum, B. squarrosus, Centaurea arenaria, Corispermum nitidum, Gypsophilapaniculata, Kochia laniflora, Polygonum arenarium, Silène conica, Vicia angustifolia, etc. A few protected species also occur (besides Centaurea arenaria and Corispermum nitidum) in the sandy pastures, for example Allium sphaerocephalon, Centaurea sadleriana, Festuca x wagneri, Ranunculus illyricus and Stipa borysthenica. d) Sand steppe with Centaurea sadleriana is a characteristic, closed, dry grassland that can be regarded as a long-lasting phase of the secondary succession leading towards the sand meadow-steppe. In our study area the main abundant species are as follows: Centaurea sadleriana, Festuca pseudovina, Agropyron repens, Festuca rupicola, Astragalus onobrychis, Achillea collina, Ononis spinosa, Galium verum, Dactylis glomerata with frequently occurring Coronilla varia, Equisetum ramosissimum, Lotus corniculatus, Salvia nemorosa, Eryngium campestre, Astragalus onobrychis, Medicago falcata, Teucrium chamaedrys, in some sites Pimpinella saxifraga, Seseli annuum, Poa angustifolia, and in the most closed patches Brachypodium pinnatum and Bromus erectus. Of the protected species Iris arenaria, Ophrys sphecodes, Orchis coriophora and Orchis ustulata, are also present in this vegetation unit.