B. Papp szerk.: Studia Botanica Hungarica 36. 2005 (Budapest, 2005)

Medzihradszky, Zsófia: Holocene vegetation history and human activity in the Kis-Balaton area, Western Hungary

the constantly high percentage of Corylus and the decreasing curve of Poaceae. Only in this zone is relatively high the value of Tilia with about 3-4%. The amount of Ulmus is considerable. This is the period of the closing forests. The reed-grass vegetation is poor, the occurrence of Nymphaea and Myriophyllum is sporadic, but the first Pediastrum peak is apparent. The zone may be divided into two subzones. LPAZ Ha. 280-220 cm. Quercus and Ulmus reach the highest value, the Fagus curve drops, and the presence of Corylus is stable (10%). Herbs are present in a very small amount, Artemisia has a low value, and the Compositae-Tubuliflorae and C. Liguliflorae pollen groups occur only in few cases. LPAZ lib. 220-210 cm. The separation of this short period well corresponds with the decreasing value of Quercus and Corylus, and the beginning of emergence of Poaceae. In this subzone we observe for the first time the occurrence of the pollen type of cereals. LPAZ III. 210-160 cm (5700-4500 conv. ,4

C BP; 4900-3200 cal l4

C BC): In this zone the value of Quercus decreases to 20% and that of Ulmus to 4-5% the value of Ulmus. Tilia basically disappears. The values of Fagus also decrease, while Carpinus occurs increasingly. The number of the pollen grains of Poaceae increases, with significant presence of Artemisia. The forests open, while the herbs increase. The spores of Filicales occur in great amounts, often even the sporangium is visible. Suddenly the Sparganium-Typha sp. curve increases, the reedgrasses multiply but Pediastrum decreases. The zone was divided into two subzones. LPAZ Ilia. 210-185 cm. Peaks of Poaceae and cereals are apparent. LPAZ Illb. 185-160 cm. Along with a moderate increasing of Fagus the curve of Carpinus also increases. The Poaceae values decrease. Constant but low value is detectable in the cereal group. LPAZ IV. 160-60 cm (4500-3400 conv. 14

C BP; 3200-1700 cal 14

C BC): In this zone the values of Quercus vary between 20-40%, while Ulmus, Fagus and Carpinus increase. The ratio of Poaceae is high, and further emerge the herbs. The presence of cereals is constant. In the aquatic environment the bulrush vegetation is significant. The zone was divided into three subzones. LPAZ IVa. 160-110 cm. At steadily high Poaceae value, 10% presence of Fagus and a small peak of Ulmus is characteristic of the period. LPAZ IVb. 110—80 cm. Suddenly a rise in the value of Pinus is observed, along with a small increase of Betula. Quercus reaches its highest, 40% value. The changes in the ratio of trees are not interprétable by the changes of climatic conditions.