B. Papp szerk.: Studia Botanica Hungarica 36. 2005 (Budapest, 2005)

Papp, Beáta; Erzberger, Peter: The bryophyte flora of Golija-Studenica Biosphere Reserve and some adjacent sites (SW Serbia, Serbia-Montenegro)

mountain system (www2.unesco.org/mab). It covers a mountainous region and includes a mosaic of different ecosystems such as forests, meadows and lakes. Over the centuries parts of the once-existing forest cover have been cleared. Human activity has gradually created species-rich pastures and meadows, which are still maintained today. The total area of the biosphere reserve is 53,804 hectares (core area 497, buffer zone 3,661, transition area 49,646 hectares). The transition area has 6,600 inhabitants in 42 dispersed rural communities which are characteristic of these mountainous regions. Their main economic activities are livestock rearing and extensive farming, and the gathering of secondary forest products such as mushrooms and medicinal herbs. The biosphere reserve includes the Studenica Monastery, which is a cultural World Heritage site and a popular tourist attraction. The altitude ranges from 416 m to 1,833 m. The lowest-lying area includes the valleys of the Moravica and the Studenica rivers and their tributaries. The highest peak is Jankov kamen (GAJIC 1989). For the description of climate, data of meteorological stations at Ivanjica (465 m a.s.l.) and Bele Vöde ( 1,390 m a.s.l.) have been used (GAJIC 1989) based of the period 1950-1979. The average air temperature for the Golija region is 9.5 °C at Ivanjica and 5.1 Û

C at Bele Vöde. January is the month with the lowest average air temperature, with -2 °C in Ivanjica and -3.7 °C in Bele Vöde. The highest average monthly air temperature is in July, with 18.8 °C and 14.2 °C, respectively. The average annual precipitation is 915 mm in Ivanjica and 1,092 mm in Bele Vöde. The highest average monthly amount of precipitation is registered in May: 146 mm in Ivanjica and 152 mm in Bele Vöde. Geologically the mountain massif of Golija is largely composed of different Palaeozoic rocks in various metamorphic grades and crystallinity. Various types of phyllits and schists dominate. The massif of Cemerno around Studenica river is mainly composed of sedimentary rocks such as limestones and dolomites, but greenschist, serpentinites, diabases and gabbros also occur (GAJIC 1989). The main vegetation types are oak forests dominated by Quercus cerris, Q. petraea and Carpinus betulus; beech forests with Fagus moesiaca; mixed deciduous-coniferous stands dominated by Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus moesiaca; wet habitats dominated by Carex spp.; mountain peat bogs characterised by Sphagnum spp.; mountain meadows with Festuca pratensis, F. rubra, F. valesiaca and Anthoxanthum odoratum. The most frequent meadow type in Golija is Trifolio-Nardetum (GAJIC 1989). The environmental conditions of the whole region of Golija are favourable for the mixed forest zone where beech and spruce forests occupy large areas along with mixed stands of beech, fir and spruce. The grass communities are of secondary character and if human activity discontinued all meadows of Golija would be reoccupied by forest cover. GAJIC ( 1989) treats the flora and vegetation of Golija and Javor Mts in one natural unit. He records 724 plant species, of which 22 species belong to Pteridophyta, 5 to Gymnospermatophyta and 697 species to Angiospermatophyta. According to the analysis of flora elements, 5.4% boreal, 27.3% Central European, 2.9% subatlantic, 13.0% sub-Mediterranean, 8.5% Pontic-central Asian, 24.9% Eurasian, 8.2% circumpolar, 4.8% cosmopolitan and 0.7% endemic elements can be found in the area. The ratio of the Central European elements places the regions of Golija and Javor into the easternmost part of the Illyric Flora Province. Methods The field excursion was carried out in July 2003. All main habitat types such as fens, stream valleys, forests, and grasslands developed on various types of bedrock were visited, and bryophytes collected from all possible substrates (peat, soil, calcareous and non-calcareous, exposed and shaded rock, tree bark and decaying wood).